Министерство образования и молодежной политики Ставропольского края

государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

«Невинномысский химический колледж»

Паспорт фонда оценочных средств

ПО УЧЕБНОЙ ДИСЦИПЛИНЕ

Иностранный язык

18.02.03 Химическая технология неорганических веществ

углубленный уровень (старший техник-технолог)

Невинномысск 2016

РАССМОТРЕНО УТВЕРЖДЕНО

на заседании ПЦК Заместитель директора

общеобразовательных дисциплин по учебно-методической работе

протокол № _______________ Ю.С.Маркова

Председатель ПЦК «____»_________________2016

____________Т.В.Серебрякова

Разработчики: Легенькая Елена Алексеевна, преподаватель высшей квалификационной

категории обще-гуманитарного и социально-экономического цикла, ГБПОУ НХК

Содержание стр

1. Пояснительная записка

4

1.1. Общие положения

4

1.2. Результаты освоения дисциплины, подлежащие проверке

7

1.3. Оценка освоения учебной дисциплины

8

1.4. Используемые контрольно-оценочные средства

10

1.5. Рекомендуемое количество часов на освоение программы дисциплины «Иностранный

язык».

12

2. Комплект контрольно-оценочных средств по УД.

13

1. Пояснительная записка

1.1. Общие положения

Контрольно-оценочные

средства

(КОС)

предназначены

для

контроля

и

оценки

образовательных достижений обучающихся, освоивших программу учебной дисциплины

«Иностранный язык».

КОС

включают

контрольные

материалы

для

проведения

текущего

контроля

и

промежуточной аттестации в форме дифференцированного зачета.

КОС разработаны на основании программы подготовки специалистов среднего звена

по специальности:

18.02.03 Химическая технология неорганических веществ (углубленный уровень) 2,3,4,5

курсов программы учебной дисциплины «Иностранный язык».

Целью создания КОС по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» является установление

соответствия уровня подготовки обучающихся (на данном этапе обучения) требованиям

программы учебной дисциплины.

Задачи КОС по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» включают в себя:

- контроль и управление процессом приобретения студентами необходимых знаний, умений и

навыков

и

оценки

образовательных

достижений

обучающихся,

освоивших

программу

учебной

дисциплины

«Иностранный

язык»,

формирования

общих

и

профессиональных

компетенций по соответствующей специальности;

-

оценку

персональных

достижений

студентов

в

процессе

изучения

дисциплины

«Иностранный

язык»

с

выделением

положительных

(отрицательных)

результатов

и

планирование предупреждающих (корректирующих) мероприятий;

-

обеспечение

соответствия

результатов

обучения

задачам

будущей

профессиональной

деятельности через совершенствование традиционных и внедрение инновационных методов

обучения.

- развитие иноязычной коммуникативной компетенции (речевой, языковой, социокультурной,

компенсаторной, учебно-познавательной):

речевая компетенция – совершенствование коммуникативных умений в четырех основных

видах речевой деятельности (говорении, аудировании, чтении и письме);

языковая

компетенция–

овладение

новыми

языковыми

средствами

в

соответствии

с

темами:

увеличение

объема

используемых

лексических

единиц;

развитие

навыков

оперирования языковыми единицами в коммуникативных целях;

социокультурная компетенция – увеличение объема знаний о социокультурной специфике

стран

изучаемого

языка,

совершенствование

умений

строить

свое

речевое

и

неречевое

поведение

адекватно

этой

специфике,

формирование

умений

выделять

общее

и

специфическое в культуре родной страны и стран изучаемого языка;

компенсаторная

компетенция–развитие

умений

объясняться

в

условиях

дефицита

языковых средств при получении и передаче иноязычной информации;

учебно-познавательная компетенция – развитие общих и специальных учебных умений,

позволяющих совершенствовать учебную деятельность по овладению иностранным языком,

удовлетворять с его помощью познавательные интересы в других областях знания.

Контрольно-оценочные средства отражают современные тенденции и требования к

обучению

практическим

владением

иностранным

языком

в

повседневном

общении

и

профессиональной

деятельности,

направлены

на

повышение

общей

коммуникативной

культуры

специалиста

среднего

звена,

совершенствование

коммуникативных

умений

и

навыков,

повышение

качества

профессионального

образования,

интеллектуализацию

и

повышение

мобильности

студента.

КОС

в

процессе

обучения

иностранному

языку

позволяют установить качество теоретических знаний и практических умений и навыков

обучающихся.

Фонд

оценочных

средств

является

составной

частью

нормативно-методического

обеспечения освоения обучающимися ППССЗ:

18.02.03 Химическая технология неорганических веществ (углубленный уровень) 2,3,4,5

курсов

Углубленный

уровень

подготовки

включает

следующие

умения,

знания,

общие

и

профессиональные компетенции:

У1 уметь общаться (устно и письменно) на иностранном языке на профессиональные и

повседневные темы;

У2 переводить (со словарем) иностранные тексты профессиональной направленности;

У3 самостоятельно совершенствовать устную и письменную речь, пополнять словарный

запас.

З1 знать лексический (1200-1400) минимум;

З2 знать грамматический минимум, необходимый для чтения и перевода (со словарем)

иностранных текстов профессиональной направленности.

ОК1 понимать сущность и социальную значимость своей будущей профессии, проявлять к

ней устойчивый интерес;

ОК2 организовывать собственную деятельность, выбирать методы и способы выполнения

профессиональных задач, оценивать их эффективность и качество;

ОК3 решать проблемы, оценивать риски и принимать решения в нестандартных ситуациях;

ОК4 осуществлять поиск, анализ и оценку информации, необходимой для постановки и

решения профессиональных задач, профессионального и личностного развития;

ОК5 использовать информационно – коммуникационные технологии для совершенствования

профессиональной деятельности;

ОК6 работать в коллективе и команде, обеспечивать ее сплочение, эффективно общаться с

коллегами, руководством, потребителями;

ОК7ставить

цели,

мотивировать

деятельность

подчиненных,

организовывать

и

контролировать их работу с принятием на себя ответственности за результат выполнения

заданий;

ОК8

самостоятельно

определять

задачи

профессионального

и

личностного

развития,

заниматься самообразованием, осознано планировать повышение квалификации;

ОК9 быть готовым к смене технологий в профессиональной деятельности.

1.2. Результаты освоения дисциплины, подлежащие проверке

Результаты обучения

(умения, знания, общие,

профессиональные

компетенции)

Основные показатели

оценки результатов

Форма контроля и

оценивания

У1 Уметь общаться устно

и письменно на

иностранном языке на

профессиональные и

повседневные темы

ОК4,ОК5,ОК6,ОК9

Умение рассказывать,

рассуждать, описывать

события, излагать факты,

делать сообщения, вести

диалог разного характера.

Составление

диалогических и

монологических

высказываний по теме,

составление писем разного

характера.

У2 Переводить (со

словарем) иностранные

тексты

профессиональной и

общекультурной

направленности,

ОК4,ОК7,ОК9.

Понимание отдельных

лексических единиц и

содержание текста в целом.

Контроль понимания

текста: поиск заданной

информации в тексте,

ответы на вопросы, устный

опрос.

У3 Самостоятельно

совершенствовать

устную и письменную

речь, пополнять

словарный запас

ОК4,ОК5,ОК8.

Увеличение словарного запаса

(знание новых ЛЕ + новые

значения ранее изученных ЛЕ,

пополнение языкового

материала – идиоматические

выражения, оценочная лексика

единицы речевого этикета).

Составление писем,

заполнение анкет, подбор

подходящих по смыслу

слов, упорядочение

информации, написание

эссе по теме.

З1 Знать лексический

(1200-1400) минимум.

ОК2,ОК4,ОК6,ОК8

Знание ЛЕ по каждой теме УД

и способы образования новых

слов

Словарный диктант,

межъязыковое

перефразирование,

образование новых слов

при помощи суффиксов и

префиксов

З2 Знать грамматический

минимум по каждой теме

УД.

ОК1,ОК4,ОК9.

Применение грамматических

правил при выполнении

упражнений по грамматике.

Выполнение

грамматических тестовых

заданий, составление

предложений,

преобразование глагола

согласно системе

глагольных времен,

преобразование

предложений согласно

данной модели.

1.3. Оценка освоения учебной дисциплины. Формы и методы оценивания.

Предметом оценки служат умения и знания, предусмотренные ФГОС по дисциплине «Иностранный язык»

направленные на

формирование общих и профессиональных компетенций

Элемент

учебной

дисциплины

Формы и методы контроля

Текущий контроль

Рубежный контроль

Промежуточная аттестация

Форма контроля

Проверяемые

ОК, У, З

Форма

контроля

Проверяемые

ОК, У, З

Форма

контроля

Проверяемые

ОК, У, З

Тема 1

Россия

-наша

Родина.

Времена

г л а г о л а

в

действитель

ном залоге

Ус т н ы й

о п р о с ,

к о н т р о л ь

понимания

п р о с л у ш а н н о го

текста,

преобразование

глагола

согласно

системе

глагольных

времен,

составление

мини-

диалогов.

У1, У2, З2,

ОК4, ОК8.

Контрольная

работа

У1,У2, З2

ОК4. ОК8.

Дифференциро

ванный зачет

У1, У2,З2,

ОК8, ОК4

Тема 2

Великобрита

ния.

Фразовые

глаголы

Составление

монологического

высказывания,

межъязыковое

перефразирование,

преобразование

предложений

согласно данной модели, перевод

предложений

с

ф р азо в ым и

глаголами

.

У1,У2,У3,

З2,

О К 3 , О К 2 ,

ОК6

Контрольная

работа

У1,У2,У3,

З2,ОК2,

ОК3,

ОК6.

Дифференциро

ванный зачет

У1,У2,У3,З2,

ОК2,ОК3 ОК6.

Тема3

США.

Способы

выражения

будущих

действий

П е р е в од

п р е д л ож е н и й

н а

английский

язык,

ответы

на

в о п р о с ы ,

с о с т а в л е н и е

монологического высказывания

У1, У2,З2,

ОК4, ОК7, ОК8.

Контрольная

работа

У1, У2,З2.

О К 4 ,

О К 7 ,

ОК8.

Дифференциро

ванный зачет

У1,У2,З2,

ОК4,ОК7, ОК8

Тема4

Образование

Страдательн

ый залог

Выбор

правильного

варианта

слова, составление предложений

в

страдательном

залоге,

поиск

заданной информации в тексте

У1,З1,З2,

ОК1,ОК2 ОК6.

Контрольная

работа

У1,З1,З2,

ОК1,

ОК2, ОК6.

Дифференциро

ванный зачет

У1,З1,З2,

ОК1,ОК2, ОК6.

Тема5

Культура.

Модальные

Ответы на вопросы по тексту,

преобразование глагола согласно

системе

глагольных

времен,

У1,У2,У3,

З2,

ОК3,ОК7,ОК8,

Контрольная

работа

У1,

У2,У3,З2,

ОК3,ОК7,

ОК8,ОК9.

Дифференциро

ванный зачет

У1,У2,У3,З2,

ОК3,ОК7,

ОК8,ОК9.

глаголы

составление

монологического

в ы с к а з ы в а н и я ,

п о д б о р

синонимов.

ОК9.

Тема 6

Канада.

Типы

предложений

Составление

монологического

высказывания,

упорядочение

и н ф о р м а ц и и ,

в ы п о л н е н и е

тестовых заданий

У1,З1,З2,

ОК1,ОК7,ОК9.

Контрольная

работа

У1,З1,З2,

ОК1,ОК7,

ОК9.

Дифференциро

ванный зачет

У1,З1,З2,

ОК1,ОК7,

ОК9.

Тема 7

Австралия

Образование

вопроситель

ных

структур

Составление

диалога-расспроса,

межъязыковое перефразирование

У1,З1,ОК8.

Контрольная

работа

У1,З1,ОК8

Дифференциро

ванный зачет

У1,З1,ОК8.

Тема 8

Переписка

Словосложен

ие

Словопроизв

одство

Составление делового письма,

написание личного

письма, образование новых

слов

при

помощи

суффиксов

и

префиксов

У1,З1,ОК2

ОК9.

Контрольная

работа

У1,З1,ОК2

ОК9.

Дифференциро

ванный зачет

У1,З1,ОК2

ОК9.

Тема 9

Заполнение

анкеты.

Времена

глагола

Заполнение анкет,

упорядочение информации,

преобразование глагола согласно

системе глагольных времен.

У1,У3,З2,

ОК1,ОК2,ОК3.

Контрольная

работа

У1,У3,З2,

ОК1,ОК2,

ОК3.

Дифференциро

ванный зачет

У1,У3,З2,

ОК1,ОК2,

ОК3.

1.4. Используемые контрольно-оценочные средства

№

п/п

Наименован

ие

оценочного

средства

Краткая характеристика оценочного

средства

Представление оценочного

средства в фонде

1

2

3

4

1.

Выполнение

различных

видов

деятельност

и

(процесс)

П р о ц е с с

п р а к т и ч е с к о й

деятельности,

демонст рация

у с в о е н н ы х

а л г о р и т м о в

д е я т е л ь н о с т и

з а д а н н о м у

с т а н д а р т н о м у

э т а л о н у

деятельности

или

качественным

характеристикам

процесса(правильность,

точность

и

т. д . )

в

с о о т в е т с т в и и

с

установленными критериями

Задания, ориентированные на

проверку освоения вида речевой

деятельности в целом. Задания,

проверяющие освоение группы

компетенций, соответствующих

определенному разделу изучаемой

темы.

Задания, проверяющие освоение

отдельной компетенции внутри

темы.

2.

Сообщение

Продукт

самостоятельной

работы

студента,

представляющий

собой

п у бл и ч н о е

в ы с т у п л е н и е

п о

п р е д с т а в л е н и ю

п о л у ч е н н ы х

результатов решения определенной

учебно-практической,

учебно-

исследовательской

или

научной

темы

Темы сообщений

3.

Контрольная

работа

Средство

проверки

ум ен ий

применять полученные знания для

решения

задач

определенного

типа по теме или разделу.

Комплект контрольных заданий

по вариантам

4.

Творческое

задание

Конечный продукт, получаемый в

результ ате

планирования

и

выполнения комплекса учебных и

исследовательских

з а д а н и й .

Позволяет

оценить

у м е н и я

обучающихся

самостоятельно

конструировать

свои

знания

в

процессе

решения

практических

задач и проблем, ориентироваться

в информационном пространстве

и

уровень

сформированности

аналитических,

исследовательских

н а выко в,

н а в ы ко в

п р а к т и ч е с ко г о

и

творческого

мышления.

Может

выполняться

в

индивидуальном

п о р я д к е

и л и

г р у п п о й

Т е м ы

г р у п п о в ы х

и / и л и

индивидуальных

тво рч е с к и х

заданий

обучающихся.

5.

Разноуровне

вые задания

Различают задания:

а)

репродуктивного

уровня,

п о з в ол я ю щ и е

о ц е н и в ат ь

и

д и а г н о с т и р о в ат ь

з н а н и е

фактического материала (базовые

понятия,

алгоритмы,

факты)

и

умение

правильно

использовать

специальные термины и понятия,

узнавание

объектов

изучения

в

рамках

определенного

раздела

дисциплины;

б) реконструктивного уровня,

п о з в ол я ю щ и е

о ц е н и в ат ь

и

д и а г н о с т и р о в а т ь

у м е н и я

синтезировать,

анализировать,

о б о б щ а т ь

ф а к т и ч е с к и й

и

т е о р е т и ч е с к и й

м ат е р и а л

с

формулированием

конкретных

в ы в о д о в ,

у с т а н о в л е н и е м

причинно-следственных связей;

в)

творче ского

у р о в н я ,

п о з в ол я ю щ и е

о ц е н и в ат ь

и

д и а г н о с т и р о в а т ь

у м е н и я ,

интегрировать

знания

различных

обла с т е й ,

а р г у м е н т и р о в а т ь

собственную точку зрения.

Ко м п л е к т

р а з н о у р о в н е в ы х

заданий

6.

Тест

Система

стандартизированных

з а д а н и й ,

п о з в о л я ю щ а я

автоматизировать

п р о ц е д у р у

измерения уровня знаний и умений

обучающегося.

Фонд тестовых заданий

7.

ЭЭссе

Средство,

позволяющее

оценить

умение

обучающегося

письменно

излагать

суть

п о с т а в л е н н о й

п р о б л е м ы ,

с а м о с т о я т е л ь н о

проводить анализ этой проблемы с

использованием

концепций

и

аналитического

инструментария

соответствующей

дисциплины,

делать

выводы,

обобщающие

а в т о р с к у ю

п о з и ц и ю

п о

поставленной проблеме.

Тематика эссе

1.5

. Рекомендуемое количество часов на освоение программы дисциплины «Иностранный язык».

Курс

Специальность

Макс.

уч.нагр

Учебн.

занятия

Самост.

уч. нагр

2

3

4

5

18.02.03 Химическая технология

неорганических веществ

(углубленный уровень)

86

90

54

68

70

74

44

56

16

16

10

12

Министерство образования и молодежной политики Ставропольского края

государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

«Невинномысский химический колледж»

Контрольно-оценочные средства

ПО УЧЕБНОЙ ДИСЦИПЛИНЕ

Иностранный язык

18.02.03 Химическая технология неорганических веществ

углубленный уровень (старший техник-технолог)

Невинномысск 2016

Министерство образования и молодежной политики Ставропольского края

государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

«Невинномысский химический колледж»

Темы групповых и индивидуальных творческих заданий

1

по дисциплине Иностранный язык

Групповые творческие задания:

2 курс

1.

Достопримечательности Лондона.

2.

Знаменитые города США.

3.

Типы образовательных учреждений в России и англоговорящих странах.

4.

Традиции и обычаи англоговорящих стран.

5.

Канада. Интересные факты из истории страны.

3 курс

1. Молодежные субкультуры.

2. Чудеса нашей планеты

4 курс

1. Химия и космос.

5 курс

1. «Проведем-ка опыт!»

Индивидуальные творческие задания:

2 курс

1.

Знаменитые города России.

2.

Достопримечательности Москвы.

3.

Наш колледж.

4.

Интересные факты из истории Австралии.

3 курс

1. Виды искусства и их роль в жизни человека.

2. Выдающие личности науки техники.

3. Основные профессиональные понятия.

4 курс

1. Вода – основа жизни.

1

5 курс

1. Виды химического анализа.

Критерии оценки:

- оценка «отлично» выставляется студенту, если студент последовательно, связно излагает

материал, показывает знание и глубокое понимание учебного материала; делает необходимые

выводы;

в

пределах

программы

отвечает

на

поставленные

вопросы;

отличная

отметка

предполагает грамотное, логичное изложение ответа (как в устной, так и в письменной

форме);

-

оценка

«хорошо»

выставляется

студенту,

если

студент

усвоил

основной

материал

программы; ответ, в основном, удовлетворяет установленным требованиям, но при этом

делает несущественные пропуски при изложении фактического материала, содержание и

форма ответа имеют некоторые неточности;

-

оценка

«удовлетворительно»

выставляется

студенту,

если

студент

знает

и

понимает

основной

материал

программы;

материал

излагается

упрощенно,

непоследовательно,

с

ошибками и затруднениями;

- оценка «неудовлетворительно» выставляется студенту, если студент имеет разрозненные,

бессистемные

знания,

допускает

ошибки

в

определении

понятий,

искажает

их

смысл,

излагает материал бессистемно, за полное незнание и непонимание учебного материала или

отказ отвечать.

Министерство образования и молодежной политики Ставропольского края

государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

«Невинномысский химический колледж»

Темы сообщений

по дисциплине Иностранный язык

2 курс

1. Лондон - столица Великобритании.

2.

Достопримечательности Вашингтона.

3.

Жизнь студентов в нашем колледже.

3 курс

1. Искусство в моей жизни.

2. Красная книга России.

4 курс

1. История открытия периодической системы.

2. История возникновения химии.

5 курс

1. Виды химических реакций.

Критерии оценки:

- оценка «отлично» выставляется студенту, если студент последовательно, связно излагает

материал, показывает знание и глубокое понимание учебного материала; делает необходимые

выводы;

в

пределах

программы

отвечает

на

поставленные

вопросы;

отличная

отметка

предполагает грамотное, логичное изложение ответа (как в устной, так и в письменной

форме);

-

оценка

«хорошо»

выставляется

студенту,

если

студент

усвоил

основной

материал

программы; ответ, в основном, удовлетворяет установленным требованиям, но при этом

делает несущественные пропуски при изложении фактического материала, содержание и

форма ответа имеют некоторые неточности;

-

оценка

«удовлетворительно»

выставляется

студенту,

если

студент

знает

и

понимает

основной

материал

программы;

материал

излагается

упрощенно,

непоследовательно,

с

ошибками и затруднениями;

- оценка «неудовлетворительно» выставляется студенту, если студент имеет разрозненные,

бессистемные

знания,

допускает

ошибки

в

определении

понятий,

искажает

их

смысл,

излагает материал бессистемно, за полное незнание и непонимание учебного материала или

отказ отвечать.

Министерство образования и молодежной политики Ставропольского края

государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

«Невинномысский химический колледж»

Темы эссе

по дисциплине Иностранный язык

2 курс

1. Хотели бы вы учиться в Великобритании?

2. Животный мир Австралии.

3 курс

1. Пути решения экологических проблем.

4 курс

1. Мой вклад в будущее.

Критерии оценки:

- оценка «отлично» выставляется студенту, если студент последовательно, связно излагает

материал,

показывает

знание

и

глубокое

понимание

учебного

мат е р и а л а ;

делает необходимые выводы; отличная отметка предполагает грамотное, логичное изложение

ответа в письменной форме;

-

оценка

«хорошо»

выставляется

студенту,

если

студент

усвоил

основной

материал

программы, но при этом делает несущественные пропуски при изложении фактического

материала, содержание и форма работы имеют некоторые неточности;

-

оценка

«удовлетворительно»

выставляется

студенту,

если

студент

знает

и

понимает

основной

материал

программы;

материал

излагается

упрощенно,

непоследовательно,

с

ошибками и затруднениями;

- оценка «неудовлетворительно» выставляется студенту, если студент имеет разрозненные,

бессистемные

знания,

допускает

ошибки

в

определении

понятий,

искажает

их

смысл,

излагает материал бессистемно, за полное незнание и непонимание учебного материала.

Требования

к

содержанию

и

оформлению

эссе

находятся

в

Методических

указаниях

к

выполнению самостоятельных работ.

Министерство образования и молодежной политики Ставропольского края

государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

«Невинномысский химический колледж»

Комплект разноуровневых заданий для работы с текстом

по дисциплине Иностранный язык

1. Задания репродуктивного уровня

Задание 1. Скажите, какие словосочетания относятся к тексту:

Задание 2. Найдите в тексте соответствующие выражения

Задание 3. Прочитайте высказывания и подтвердите их примером из текста.

Задание 4. Сгруппируйте слова по темам.

2 Задания реконструктивного уровня

Задание 1. Ответьте на вопросы.

Задание 2. Переведите на английский язык.

Задание 3. Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста:

Задание 4. Организуйте пары слов так, чтобы они имели синонимичные значения:

Задание 5. Определите, которые из следующих утверждений верны.

Задание 6. Заполните пропуски следующими словами.

3 Задания творческого уровня

Задание 1. Составьте монологическое высказывание, используя следующие выражения.

Задание 2. Прочтите текст и скажите, какие новые факты вы из него узнали.

Задание 3. Составьте диалог, используя следующие вопросы.

Критерии оценки:

- оценка «отлично» выставляется студенту, если студент последовательно, связно излагает

материал, показывает знание и глубокое понимание учебного материала;

делает необходимые выводы; в пределах программы отвечает на поставленные вопросы;

отличная отметка предполагает грамотное, логичное изложение ответа (как в устной, так и в

письменной форме);

-

оценка

«хорошо»

выставляется

студенту,

если

студент

усвоил

основной

материал

программы; ответ, в основном, удовлетворяет установленным требованиям, но при этом

делает несущественные пропуски при изложении фактического материала, содержание и

форма ответа имеют некоторые неточности;

-

оценка

«удовлетворительно»

выставляется

студенту,

если

студент

знает

и

понимает

основной

материал

программы;

материал

излагается

упрощенно,

непоследовательно,

с

ошибками и затруднениями;

- оценка «неудовлетворительно» выставляется студенту, если студент имеет разрозненные,

бессистемные

знания,

допускает

ошибки

в

определении

понятий,

искажает

их

смысл,

излагает материал бессистемно, за полное незнание и непонимание учебного материала или

отказ отвечать.

Тексты для чтения и задания к ним.

2 курс

TEМА №1-The Russian Federation

TEXT: The Russian Federation

The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about 1/7 (one-seventh)

of the Earth surface. The country is situated in Eastern Europe, Northern and Central Asia. Its total

area is over 17 million square kilometres.

The Russian Federation is washed by 12 seas of three oceans: the Arctic, the Atlantic and the

Pacific. In the south and in the west the country borders on fourteen countries. It also has a sea-

border with the USA.

There are no countries in the world where such a great variety of flora and fauna can be found

as in our land. Our country has numerous forests, plains and steppes, taiga and tundra, highlands

and deserts. The highest mountains in our land are the Altai, the Urals and the Caucasus.

There are

over two thousand rivers in the Russian Federation. The longest of them are the Volga, the Ob', the

Yenisei, the Lena and the Amur. Our land is also rich in lakes with the deepest lake in the world, the

Baikal, included.

The territory of the Russian Federation is divided into 11 time zones. The climate conditions

are rather different: from arctic and moderate to continental and subtropical. Our country is one of

the richest in natural resources countries in the world: oil, natural gas, coal, different ores, ferrous

and non-ferrous metals and other minerals.

The Russian Federation is a multinational state. It comprises many national districts, several

autonomous republics and regions. The population of the country is about 140 million people.

Moscow, the capital of Russian Federation, is the largest political, scientific, cultural and

industrial center of the country and one of the most beautiful cities on the globe. Russian is the

official language of the state. The national symbols of the Russian Federation are a white-blue-red

banner and a double-headed eagle.

The Russian Federation is a constitutional republic headed by the President. The country

government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. The President controls

only the executive branch of power — the government, but not the Supreme Court and Federal

Assembly.

The legislative power belongs to the Federal Assembly comprising two chambers: the Council

of Federation (upper Chamber) and the State Duma (lower Chamber). Each chamber is headed by

the Speaker. The executive power belongs to the government (the Cabinet of Ministers) headed by

the

Prime

Minister.

The

judicial

power

belongs

to

the

system

of

courts

comprising

the

Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and federal courts. Our country has a multiparty system.

The foreign policy of the Russian Federation is that of international cooperation, peace and

friendship with all nations irrespective of their political and social systems.

I. Words:

Eastern — восточный

Northern — северный

to border on — граничить с

plain — равнина

steppes — степи

taiga – тайга

desert — пустыня

highlands — горные возвышенности

the Urals — Уральские горы

the Caucasus - Кавказ

moderate — умеренный

natural resources — природные богатства

coal [ — (каменный) уголь

ore — руда

ferrous and non-ferrous metals —

state — государство

черные и цветные металлы

banner — знамя, флаг

legislative — законодательный

executive — исполнительный

judicial

—

судебный

Federal Assembly — Федеральное Собрание

the Council of Federation — Совет Федерации

State Duma — Государственная Дума

Supreme Court — Верховный суд

irrespective of — независимо от

foreign policy — международная политика

I. Скажите, какие словосочетания относятся к тексту:

The deepest lake in the world, the country is washed, they drive on the left side, we have borders,

flow from, here is your change, the national banner, to live far away, rich in oil, a great number of

rivers, to visit exhibition, different types of climate, the longest way, to support favourite teams,

blue and red stripes.

II. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is the territory of Russia?

2. What oceans wash the borders of the Russian Federation?

3. How many countries have borders with Russia?

4. Are Russian flora and fauna various?

5. What are the highest mountains in Russia?

6. What is Baikal famous for?

7. What is the climate in Russia like?

8. What is the national symbol of Russia?

9. What does the Federal Assembly consist of?

10. Who is the head of each Chamber of the Federal Assembly?

III. Переведите на английский язык.

1. Общая площадь Российской Федерации составляет более 17 миллионов километров.

2. В мире нет стран с такой разнообразной флорой и фауной.

3. Озеро Байкал — самое глубокое озеро на земном шаре.

4. На территории Российской Федерации 11 часовых поясов.

5. Россия является конституционной республикой, с президентом во главе.

6. Законодательная власть принадлежит Федеральному Собранию, состоящему из двух палат.

7. Президент контролирует только исполнительную ветвь власти.

IV. Составьте диалог, используя следующие вопросы.

1. What is the biggest lake on the territory of Russia?

2. What are the longest Russian rivers (in European and Asian parts of the Russian Federation)?

3. What is a city with subtropical climate?

4. What are the cities with arctic climate?

5. What are the highest mountains on the territory of Russia?

6. What are the old historical cities in Russia?

7. What are the places of recreation and tourism?

TEМА №2-Moscow

TEXT. Moscow

Moscow is the capital and the largest city of Russia. It stands on the banks of the Moskva

River. More than nine million people Iive in the city now. Moscow is the economic, political and

cultural centre of Russia.

The prince Yuri Dolgoruky founded Moscow in 1147. The Kremlin and the Red Square are in

the center of Moscow. The Kremlin has a red brick wall, up to 21 m in height with 19 towers that

surrounds palaces, cathedrals, and other monuments. The Great Kremlin Palace, built in 1849, is the

most impressive structure inside the Kremlin. Other famous Kremlin palaces are the Granovitaya

Palace (built in 1491) and the Terem (built in 1636).

Among many cathedrals, now used mainly as museums, are the Cathedral of the Assumption

(Успения) and the Archangel Cathedral, each with five gilded domes, and the Cathedral of the

Annunciation (Благовещения) (built in 13th – 14th century), with nine gilded domes. The bell

tower of Ivan the Great has the height of 98 metres. On a nearby pe destal is the Tsar Bell (nearly

200 tons), one of the largest in the world. A recent addition to the Kremlin is the Palace of

Congresses, completed in 1961.

St. Basil Cathedral, a masterpiece of Russian architecture was built in 1561 to celebrate

Russian victory over Kazan kingdom. It has coloured domes, stands at one end of Red Square and

at the other end there is Historical Museum.

Other places of interest in Moscow include the Central Lenin Stadium and the tall Ostankino

TV tower, which has a revolving restaurant. Moscow has a modern railway underground system

(Metro) famous for its marble-walled stations.

Moscow is a scientific and cultural center with a lot of institutes, universities,

libraries and museums. The city leads a vast cultural life. It has a lot of cinemas,

clubs, concert

halls, more than 40 drama and musical theatres, including the Bolshoi Theatre, the Art Theatre, the

Maly Theatre, the Vakhtangov Theatre.

Muscovites are proud of their museums: the Tretyakov Art Gallery, the A.S. Pushkin Museum

of Fine Arts and the State Historical Museum. Crowds of people visit Tretyakov Gallery admiring

beautiful pictures of Russian painters.

There are a lot of big plants and factories in Moscow. Among the products are aircraft, high-

quality steel, ball bearings, cars and other motor vehicles machine tools, electrical equipment,

precision instruments, chemicals, textiles, shoes, paper, furniture. Food processing, printing, and the

repair of rail equipment are important industries.

Words:

capital — столица

prince — князь

bank — берег (реки) in

height — высота

cathedral — кафедральный собор

masterpiece — шедевр

architecture — архитектура

palace — дворец

fortress — крепость

bell tower — колокольня

gilded — позолоченный

dome — купол

crowd — толпа

scientific — научный

marble — мрамор

vast — обширный

printing — печатание, печать

machine tool — станок

furniture — мебель

precision instruments-точные приборы

repair — ремонт

equipment — оборудование

rail equipment — подвижной состав

ball bearing — шарикоподшипник

processing — обработка

furniture — мебель

I. Questions:

1. Who and when founded Moscow?

2. Name the places of interest in Moscow.

3. What cathedrals are situated inside the Kremlin?

4. Why the Kremlin is the most important place of interest for tourists?

5. What is known about Moscow Metro?

6. What is Palace of Congresses used for at present time?

II. Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста:

1. Moscow is one of the largest… .

2. It famous for … .

3. The heart of Moscow is… .

4. The city leads… .

5. Many people visit … .

TEМА №3-SAINT PETERSBURG

TEXT: ST PETERSBURG

St Petersburg is the second largest city in Russia and one of the most beautiful cities in the

world. It was founded in 1703 by Peter the Great as the "Window on the West". Thousands of

workmen were brought from all parts of Russia to build a new city on the swampy land at the

mouth of the Neva River. Peter the Great was in a hurry. The work was fast and hard, and workmen

dropped dead by the hundreds. But the work went on.

Under later rulers the new capital of the Russian Empire grew rapidly in wealth and beauty.

Architects were brought from Western Europe to lay out the city in harmonious squares. Buildings

were constructed of grey and rose-coloured granite. The Hermitage Palace and the Winter Palace, the

homes of the tsars, were equal to any in Europe.

When the First World War began in 1914, the German-sounding name, St Petersburg, was

changed to Petrograd After the October Revolution the city was renamed after Lenin.

During the Great Patriotic War the city suffered a great deal. The German armies laid siege to

it in 1941, and for the next year and a half it was cut off from the rest of the country. No food could

be brought in, and people died of starvation. Daily shelling and air raids destroyed parts of the city.

Thousands of people were killed. Rebuilding took years.

Now St Petersburg is an important industrial, cultural and educational centre. The population

of the city is over 5 million.

St Petersburg is indeed a wonderful city: at every turn there is something to catch your eye.

The Winter Palace, the Hermitage, the Russian Museum, St Isaac's Cathedral, the Peter-and-Paul

Fortress, the Admiralty building attract thousands of tourists from every corner of the world.

Petersburg's many museums house some of the world's most famous art collections. The

Hermitage, for example, contains the richest collection of pictures in the world.

The city is called the Northern Venice because there are 65 rivers, arms and canals there with

artistically decorated bridges. It's also famous for its beautiful white nights.

II. New words

swampy - болотистый starvation - голод

mouth - устье (реки) shelling - бомбежки

to drop dead - упасть замертво ruler - правитель

air raid - воздушный налет

to destroy - разрушать

empire - империя

rapidly - быстро

to lay out - планировать arm - рукав (реки)

harmonious - гармоничный canal - канал

granite - гранит artistically - мастерски

equal - равный, не уступающий to decorate - украшать

to rename – переименовывать bridge – мост

to suffer - страдать to lay siege to – осадить

to catch smb's eye - , поразить, to attract - привлекать, притягивать

привлечь внимание

I. Answer the questions

1. Have you ever been to St Petersburg?

2. Is St Petersburg as old as Moscow?

3. Who was the city founded by and when did it become the capital of the Russian Empire?

4. Peter I thought that Moscow looked provincial in comparison with the capitals he had visited and

decided to build a magnificent city equal to any European capital. Did he succeed?

5. How many times has the city been renamed and why?

6. Did the city suffer a great deal during the Great Patriotic War?

7. What is St Petersburg famous for?

8. Have you ever been to the Russian Museum? (the Hermitage?)

9. What other places of interest in St Petersburg do you know?

10. Why is St Petersburg called the Northern Venice?

II. Найдите в тексте:

был

основан,

западная

Европа,

на

болотистой

местности,

город

сильно

пострадал,

восстановление, туристы со всего мира, второй по величине, новая столица Российской

Империи, образовательный центр, население города

TEМА №4 GREAT BRITAIN

TEXT: GREAT BRITAIN

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. It

consists of four parts: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

England,

Wales

and

Scotland occupy the territory of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is

situated in the northern part of Ireland. The territory of the United Kingdom is about 244000

square kilometres.

The population is over 56 million people. The capital of the United Kingdom is London.

The surface.of the United Kingdom varies greatly. The northern and the western parts of the

country are mountainous and are called the Highlands. All the rest is a vast

plain which is called

the

Lowlands.

The

mountains

are

not

very high.

The

rivers

are

not

very

long. The

most

important

of them

are

the

Severn

and

the

Thames.

There

are

many

beautiful lakes in the

mountainous part of the country.

The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the

climate of Great Britain. It is mild the whole year round. Winters are not cold and summers are not

hot. Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world's largest

producers and exporters of iron and steel products, machinery and electronics, chemicals and

textile. One of the industries is shipbuilding.

Great Britain is a country with old cultural traditions and customs. The most famous

educational centres are Oxford and Cambridge universities. They are considered to be the

intellectual centres of Europe. The education is not free, it is very expensive.

The United Kingdom is a monarchy and the Queen is the head of the state. But in practice

it is ruled by the government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament

consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour party, the Conservative

party and the Liberal party.

II. Words

to be situated — быть расположенным

free — бесплатный

British Isles — Британские острова

to occupy — занимать

surface — поверхность

to vary — меняться

high — высокий

low — низкий

land — земля, страна

plain — равнина

vast — огромный

lake — озеро

mountainous — гористый

shipbuilding — кораблестроение

education — образование

expensive — дорогой

to influence — влиять

climate — климат

mild — мягкий

industry — промышленность

population — население

develop — развивать

to produce — производить

to export — экспортировать

government — правительство

chamber — палата

to rule — править

textile — текстиль

chemicals — продукты хим. промышленности

I. Questions:

1. What is the official name of Great Britain?

2. Where is it situated?

3. What parts does it consist of?

4. What is the territory and the population of Great Britain?

5. What city is the capital of Great Britain?

6. What is the surface of the country?

7. Are there any big rivers and lakes in Great Britain?

8. What is the climate on the British Isles?

9. 9.

Is Great Britain a highly developed industrial country?

10.

What goods does the British industry produce?

10.Are there any big educational establishments in Great Britain?

11.Is Great Britain a constitutional monarchy?

12.What is the name of the Queen of Great Britain?

13.How many chambers does the British Parliament consist of? What are they?

14.

What are the main political parties in Great Britain?

II. Организуйте пары слов так, чтобы они имели синонимичные значения:

a)

to be situated, occupy, vary, population, high, the largest, old, to be ruled, territory, main.

b)

cover, tall, change, to be located, the biggest, to be governed, ancient, land, major, people.

TEМА №5-LONDON

TEXT: London, the capital of the UK.

London is the capital of Great Britain, its political, economic and commercial centre. It is one

of the largest cities in the world and the largest city in Europe. Its population is about 8 million.

London is situated on the river Thames. The city is very old. It has more than 20 centuries old

history. Traditionally it is divided into several parts, the City, Westminster, the West End and the

East. End. They are very different from each other.

The City is the oldest part of London, its financial and business centre. Numerous banks,

offices and firms are concentrated here. Few people live in the City but over a million come to work

here. There are two places of interest in the City: St. Paul's Cathedral and the Tower of London.

St.

Paul's Cathedral was built in the 17th century by the architect Christopher Wren. The Tower of

London was built in the 15th century. It was used as a fortress, a palace and a prison. Now it's a

museum. Westminster is the aristocratic official part of London. There are Buckingham Palace where

the Queen lives and the Houses of Parliament along the north bank of the Thames. The clock tower

of the Houses of Parliament is -famous for its big hour bell known as «Big Ben». Westminster Abbey

is the place where the coronation of nearly all kings and queens has taken place. Many of them are

buried here as well as some other famous people of the country. The West End is the richest and

most beautiful part of London the best hotels, restaurants, shops, clubs, parks and houses are situated

there. There are many tourists there from different countries of the world.

Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London, it was named in the memory of

Admiral Nelson's victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson's Column stands in the

middle of the square.

The East End is an industrial district of London. There are many factories there. The region is

densely populated by working class families.

1. New Words

capital — столица

clock tower — колокольня

centre — центр

monument — памятник

memory — память

numerous — многочисленный

palace — дворец

museum — музей

fortress — крепость

residence — резиденция

cathedral — собор

official — официальный

hotel — гостиница

densely — плотно

prison —тюрьма

populated — населено

I. Questions

1.

What is the capital of Great Britain?

2.

Is London a big city?

3.

What is London's population?

4.

On what river does London stand?

5.

Into what parts is London divided?

6.

Why is the City called the business centre of London?

7.

What places of interest does Westminster include?

8.

Who was buried in Westminster Abbey?

9.

What is the West End famous for?

10.

Why is the central square in London named Trafalgar Square?

11.

Who lives in the East End?

II. Определите, которые из следующих утверждений верны.

1. London is situated on the river Severn.

2.

The City is a new part of London.

3.

There are many banks in London.

4.

The tall Nelson's Column is in London.

5.

The Tower is used as a prison now.

TEМА №6-THE TOWER OF LONDON

TEXT: The Tower of London

The Tower of London is one of the most imposing and popular of London's historical sites. It

comprises not one, but 20 towers. The oldest of which, the White Tower, dates back to the llth

century and the time of William the Conqueror. Nowadays a lot of tourists visit the Tower of

London, because of the Tower's evil reputation as a prison. The Tower is famous as home of the

Crown Jewels. Today they can be viewed in their new jewel house. They include the Crown of

Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother which contains the celebrated Indian diamond. Many stories

associated with British history come from the Tower. In 1483 King Edward IV's two sons were

murdered in the so-called Bloody Tower. Over two centuries later the skeletons of two little boys

were found buried beneath steps in the White Tower. Traitor's Gate has steps leading down to the

River Thames. Countless prisoners, including the future Queen Elizabeth I of England, were

brought to the Tower by barge and ascended the steps before being imprisoned. For many it was

their last moment of freedom before their death. But Elizabeth was released from the Tower and

became Queen. The King's second wife, Anne Boleyn, was brought to trial there in 1536 and

beheaded. Six years later her cousin, Catherine, Henry VIII's fifth wife, suffered the same fate. Sir

Thomas More was beheaded there in 1535. Of course, no visit to the Tower would be complete

without seeing the ravens; huge black birds who are an official part of the Tower community.

Legend states that if the ravens were to leave the Tower the Crown will fall, and Britain with

it. Under the special care of the Raven Master, the ravens are fed a daily diet of raw meat. And there

is no danger of them flying away, because their wings are clipped.

I. Questions:

1. What is the most imposing and popular site in London?

2. How many towers does it comprise?

3. What is the Tower of London famous for?

4. Tell something about Traitor's Gate.

5. Who is an official part of London's community?

II. Переведите на английский язык:

Самая впечатляющая и популярная достопримечательность, зловещая репутация тюрьмы,

новый

ювелирный

дом,

включая

будущую

королеву,

под

ступеньками

Белой

Башни,

многочисленные

заключенные,

последний

момент

свободы,

вороны,

не

существует

опасности, постигла та же участь.

TEМА №7-THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

New words:

borders - границы

separate - отдельные

climate condition - климатические условия

parliamentary republic - парламентская республика

branches - ветви

donkey – осел

term – срок

House of representative - палата представителей

Supreme court - Верховный суд

TEXT: THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

The United States of America lies in the central part of the North American Continent between

the two oceans: the Atlantic Ocean in the East and the Pacific Ocean in the West.

Canada in the North and Mexico in the South are the only countries that have borders, with the

USA.

The USA consists of three separate parts. They are the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacific Ocean,

Alaska and the main part. There are fifty States in the USA. They are very different in size,

population and economic development. The smallest state is Rhode Island and the biggest is Texas.

The total area of the USA is about 9 million square kilometers. The population is about 230 million

people.

The USA is a big country and the climate conditions are very different in different places.

There are many big cities in the United States: New York, Philadelphia, Houston, Chicago, Detroit,

Los-Angeles are the biggest of them.

The USA economically is the most powerful country in the world.

The USA is a parliamentary republic. The government has three branches: the Congress, the

President and the Supreme Court.

There are two political parties in the United States: the Democratic Party, their Symbol is a donkey,

and the Republic Party, their symbol is an elephant. The president is elected for a 4-year term and

not more thafttwo times.

The Congress has two houses; the Senate and the house of Representatives. The Supreme Court is

the highest court in the country.

I. Answer the questions:

1 What is the size of United States?

2 What is the smallest state in United States?

3 What is the largest state in US?

4 What are the biggest cities of the Unites States?

5 What are the three branches of US government?

6 What is the political system of United States?

TEМА №8-WASHINGTON, D.C.

New words:

District of Columbia - округ Колумбия

piece of land - участок земли

nearly - около, приблизительно

marble - мраморные

two storied - двухэтажный

Declaration of Independence - декларация независимости

TEXT: W

ASHINGTON

D.C.

Washington, the capital of the United States is situated on the Potomac River in the District of

Columbia. The district is a piece of land which does not belong to any one state but to all the States.

The district is named in honour of Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of America. It is very

interesting that Americans never say simply "Washington". They always add "D. C." as the

indication of the location. It is important because there are many towns with the same name all over

the country and even one large state in far north-west.

Washington was founded in 1791 as the capital of the United States of America. Washington

is quite a new city. The population of the city is nearly one million people. It is not a very large city,

but it is very important as the capital of the USA. There is a law in Washington against building

structures higher than the Capitol.

Washington has many historical places. The largest and tallest is the Capitol, where the

Congress meets. It is a very beautiful building with white marble columns. Not far from the Capitol

is the Library of Congress. It holds five million books.

The White House, the residence of the president is the oldest public structure in the capital

and one of the most beautiful. It was built in 1799. It is a two storied white building. Not far from

the Capitol is the Washington monument, which looks like a very big pencil. It rises 160 metres and

it is empty inside. A special lift brings visitors to the top in 70 seconds, from w

7

here they can enjoy

the view of the city.

The Jefferson Memorial was built in memory of the third President of the USA Thomas

Jefferson, who was also the author of the Declaration of Independence. The Memorial is surrounded

by cherry trees.

The Lincoln Memorial is devoted to the memory of the sixteenth President of the USA, the

author of the Emancipation Proclamation, which gave freedom to Negro slaves in America.

I. Answer the questions:

1) When was Washington D.C. founded?

2) Where is Washington situated?

3) What state does the District of Columbia belong to?

4) What are the most important places of interest in Washington?

5) What is the nickname of the Washington monument?

6) What is the population of Washington?

7) Are there any specific laws about building of the structures in Washington D.C.?

TEМА №9 NEW-YORK

Text: New York

New York is one of the largest cities in the world. It was founded300 years ago at the mouth of

the Hudson River.

The centre of New York is Manhattan Island. In 1626 it was bought from the Indians for a

handful of trinkets that cost 24 dollars. Today Manhattan is the centre of business and finance.

Numerous skyscrapers house banks and offices of American business. Broadway begins here; the

Stock Exchange is located here, too. Very few people live in Manhattan, though the majority works

here. Numerous bridges link Manhattan with the opposite shores.

New is inhabited by people of all nationalities and races. It is called “modern Babylon”. At the

turn of the 20

th

century a lot of people came to the USA from different countries of the world. They

entered the USA through New York, the Gateway of America.

New York comprises five boroughs: Brooklyn, the Bronx, Manhattan, Queens, Staten Island.

New York’s attractions are uncountable. Especially popular are: Central Park Times Square, the

Statue of Liberty, Wall Street the Empire State Building.

I. Answer the questions:

1. When was New York founded?

2. What is the centre of the city?

3. Why is New York called “modern Babylon”?

4. What are the most important industries in New York?

5. Is New York sometimes called New Amsterdam?

6. What are five boroughs of New York?

7. Why is New York sometimes called “The Capital of the World”?

8. How tall is the Statue of Liberty?

II. Here are some of New York‘s sister cities. Write down the country:

Tokyo - …

Cairo - …

Rome - …

Budapest - …

Jerusalem - …

Madrid - …

London - …

III. Translate into English:

1. Остров Манхэттен был куплен в 1626 году за горсть побрякушек.

2. Нью-Йорк называют «современным Вавилоном», так как он населен людьми разных

национальностей.

3. На рубеже 20 века люди из разных стран въезжали в США через Нью-Йорк , «ворота»

Америки.

4. В многочисленных небоскребах размещаются банки и офисы.

5. Море окружает большую часть районов Нью-Йорка.

TEМА №10 RUSSIA

TEXT: Education in Russia

People in our country have the right for education. It is our Constitutional right. But it is not

only a right, it is a duty, too. Every boy and every girl in Russia must go to school, that is, they must

get a full secondary education. So, when they are 6 or 7 years old they begin to go to school. There

are thousands of schools in Russia. There are schools of general education, where the pupils study

Russian (or a native language), Literature, Mathematics, History, Biology, Music, Arts, Foreign

Languages. There is also a number of specialised schools, where the pupils get deep knowledge of

foreign languages, or Maths, or Physics.

After finishing 9 classes of secondary school young people can continue their education at

different kinds of vocational or technical schools or colleges. They not only learn general subjects,

but receive a speciality there. Having finished a secondary school, a technical school or a college

young people can start working, or they may enter an Institute or a University. Professional training

makes it easier to get higher education. As for higher schools, there are a lot of them in our country.

Some of them train teachers, others-doctors, engineers, architects, actors and so on. Many institutes

have evening and extra-mural departments. That gives the students an opportunity to study at an

institute without leaving their jobs.

New words

right – право

duty - обязанность

secondary - зд. среднее

deep - глубокий

general - общий

to receive - получить

training - обучение

higher - высшее

extra-mural - заочный

opportunity – возможность

vocational school – профтехучилище

I. Answer the questions:

1. Is education in our country free?

2. Is education in Russia right or duty?

3. What kind of schools are there in Russia?

4. What are the possible ways to continue education after finishing the secondary school?

5. What are the main types of educational institutions in our country?

6. What are the types of higher education institutions in Russia?

TEМА №11-CANADA

New words

land area – площадь

domestic affairs – внутренние дела

population – население

to govern – управлять

border – граница

foreign affairs – иностранные дела

uninhabited – незаселенный

ancestry – происхождение

severe – суровый

custom – обычай

ancestors – предки

urban – городской

federation – федерация

Indians – индейцы

independent – независимый

to make up – составлять

capital – столица

to maintain – сохранять

to recognize – признавать

community – общность

ties – связи

government – правительство

to rule – править

to pay attention – уделять внимание

recognition – признание

thinly populated – малонаселенный

official language – государственный язык

natural conditions – природные условия

Constitution Act – конституционный акт

British Monarch – английская королева

the United Kingdom – Соединенное Королевство

TEXT: C

ANADA

Canada is the second largest country in the words. Only Russia has a greater land area.

Canada is situated in North America. About 28 million people live in Canada. About 80% of

the population live within 320 km of the southern border. Much of the rest of Canada is uninhabited

or thinly populated because of severe natural conditions.

Canada is a federation of 10 provinces and 2 territories. Canada is an independent nation. But

according to the Constitution Act of 1982 British Monarch, Queen Elizabeth If of the United

Kingdom is recognized as Queen of Canada. This symbolizes the country's strong ties to Britain.

Canada was ruled by Britain completely until 1867, when Canada gained control of its domestic

affairs.

Britain

governed

Canada's

foreign

affairs

until

1931,

when

Canada

gained

full

independence.

Canada's people are varied. About 57% of all Canadians have some English ancestry and

about 32% have some French ancestry. Both English and French are official languages of the

country. French Canadians, most of whom live in the provinces of Quebec, have kept the language

and customs of their ancestors. Other large ethnic groups are German, Irish end Scottish people.

Native people – American Indians and Eskimos — make up about 2% of the country's population.

77% of Canada's people live in cities or towns. Toronto and Montreal are the largest urban areas.

Ottawa is the capital of the country.

I. Answer the questions:

1. Where is Canada situated?

2. How many people live in Canada?

3. Where do most Canadians live?

4. Who is the head of state in Canada?

5. When did Canada gain its independence?

6. What are the official languages in Canada?

7. What people live in Canada?

8. What is the main problem facing Canada today?

TEМА №12- CANADA. SOME INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT THE COUNTRY.

I. Read and say what facts you have learned from the texts.

S

OME

FACTS

ABOUT

C

ANADA

.

The Eskimos. The Eskimo is a very creative man. He lives where there are few raw materials,

yet he has invented a great number of things; not only tents, canoes, and clothes of skins. He has

made dog sleds, snowshoes, games and toys for his children, lamps spoons, and different tools.

Schools. In Canada, when birds fly south in autumn, school bells ring and everywhere across

the land children sit again at their desks. Some of the schools are modern buildings; some have only

one or two rooms. On the prairies, children from distant farms go by bus to big schools. In Quebec,

children and teachers speak French, schoolbooks are written in French.

Games and Sports. Canadians both children and grown-ups, play different games-baseball,

football, volleyball, ice-hockey, tennis and a great number of other games. Ice-hockey is Canada's

national sport and everyone from grandfather down to the youngest child is a fan. Children take to

skis and skates almost as soon as they can walk, and snowshoes in some places are standard

equipment for getting to school.

Vocabulary:

Creative - творческий

Raw materials - сырье

Invent - изобретать

Skin - кожа, шкура

Sled — сани

Tool - инструмент

Distant - отдаленный, далекий

Grown-up - взрослый

Equipment — снаряжение

F

RENCH

C

ANADA

.

Canada's beginnings were French; and even now French is the language spoken by about one

fifth of Canadians. Canada has two official Languages - English and French. The St. Lawrence

Valley was the heart of the French colony in North America up to the middle of the 18

th

century.

When the British gained control of Canada, about half of the French inhabitants moved south

to the French colonies along the Mississippi River. But the St. Lawrence River, from Montreal to

the Gulf of St. Lawrence, may still be called a French river.

Quebec is the home of the French Canadian nation, and Quebec City is the capital of the

province. Quebec is Canada's largest province. More than a quarter of all the population of Canada

lives in this province. Not all of the inhabitants of Quebec are French Canadians; ten per cent of

them speak only English. There are French Canadians not only in the province of Quebec, they live

and work in other provinces too.

Montreal, the main St. Lawrence port, is the second largest French city in the world - after

Paris.

French Canada still keeps some of its old traditions, but it is a mistake to say that Quebec is

very different from the rest of Canada; every year the difference becomes less.

Vocabulary:

Even – даже

Valley - долина

Gain – добиваться

TEМА №13-OTTAWA – CANADA’S CAPITAL CITY

New words:

is linked with - связан с

beverage - напиток

bridge – мост

lumber - строевой лес

rail traffic - железнодорожное движение was grant - было предоставлено

road traffic - дорожное движение

charter - устав

originally named - первоначально назван confer - даровать

was elected - был выбран

derived – получать

chief- главный

are attracted - привлекают

rapidly expanded - быстро расширяться

TEXT: O

TTAWA

– C

ANADA

'

S

CAPITAL

CITY

Ottawa is the capital city of Canada. It is situated on the Ottawa River where the Rideau River

joins it. The capital is linked with the city of Hull on the Quebec side of the Ottawa River by six

bridges, one for rain traffic only and the rest for road traffic. The population of Ottawa is about

760,000 people.

In 1613 the site was reached by S. Champlain (1567—1635), a French explorer and first

Governor of French Canada. It was originally named Bytown. Ottawa was established as a city

under its present name in 1854. It was elected by. Queen Victoria as the capital in 1858.

Today

Ottawa

is

an

industrial

and

commercial

centre

of

Canada.

Chief

among

its

manufactures are lumber, cement, furniture and paper. To this is added a printing and publishing

trade, food and beverage products, and iron and steel products, clothing and chemicals.

Many notable public organizations, the national government and several educational and

cultural organizations are situated in Ottawa.

There are two universities in the city - - the bilingual Roman Catholic University of Ottawa

and Carleton University (including St Patrick's College).

The University of Ottawa began in 1848 as a small college established for resident and day

students. The institution rapidly expanded. In 1886, it was granted university charter. In 1933, it was

conferred all degrees in any branch of learning. The institution is bilingual: courses of study and

university life are arranged to have both English and French students master the two official

languages of Canada The University has the Faculty of Arts, the Faculty of Medicine, the Faculty of

Civil Law, and others.

Special educational advantages may be derived from such institutions as the National Gallery

of Canada, National Museum of Man, National Library, Public Archives and the National Museum

of Science and Technology.

In addition to these institutions, the Parliament Buildings and the National Arts Centre

residents and visitors alike are attracted by the Central Experimental Farm, the Royal Mint, the

Dominion Observatory, the Canadian War Museum, the Canadian Tulip Festival each spring and the

daily Changing the Guard ceremony on Parliament Hill each summer.

I. Answer the questions:

1. Where is Ottawa situated?

2. How many bridges is the capital linked with the city of Hull?

3. What was the original name of Ottawa?

4. What center is Ottawa?

5. What are the chief industries in Ottawa?

6. What are the official languages of Canada/

7. Can you name the historical and cultural places in Ottawa? What are they?

TEМА №14-16 AUSTRALIA. THE ABORIGINAL POPULATION IN AUSTRALIA. A CITY IN

THE BUSH.

New words:

То lie - находиться

To be situated - быть расположенным

Mainland — материк

Latin — латинский

Federation – федерация

Territory - территория

State - штат

Government — правительство

Capital - столица

Tie — связь

Income - доход

Standard of living -уровень жизни

Commonwealth of Nations - Британское Содружество наций

Commonwealth of Australia Австралийский союз

TEXT: A

USTRALIA

Australia is the only country in the world that is also a continent. It is the sixth large country

and the smallest continent. Australia lies between the South Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean. It

is situated about 11 000 km southwest of North America and about 8 200 km southeast of mainland

Asia. The name of the country comes from Latin word "australis" which mean southern. The

country's official name is Commonwealth of Australia.

The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation of states. Australia has six states—New South

Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and Western Australia Each state has its

government. Australia has two territories—the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern

Territory. The capital of the country is Canberra.

Australia is a constitutional monarchy like Great Britain. The nation is administered under

written constitution. The British monarch. Queen ElizabethII, is also queen of Australia and

country's head of state. But the queen has little power in the Australian government. She serves

mainly as a symbol of long historical tie between Great Britain and Australia. Australia is a member

of the Commonwealth of Nations which is an association formed by Britain and some of its former

colonies.

Australia is one of the world's developed countries. Australia has modern factories, highly

productive mines and farms, and busy cities. It is the world's leading producer of wool and bauxite

(the ore from which aluminum is made).It also produces and exports large amounts of other

minerals and farm goods. Income from the export enables Australians to have high standard of

living. The most important trading partners of Australia are Japan and the United States.

I. Answer the questions:

1. Where does the Australia lie?

2. What is the official name of the country?

3. What is the capital of the country?

4. Who is the country's head of state?

5. Is there a written constitution in Australia?

6. What are the main products of Australia?

7. What are the most important trade partners of the country?

II.

Read the text and say what you have learned about aboriginal culture:

T

HE

A

BORIGINAL

P

OPULATION

IN

A

USTRALIA

The aborigines, who had their own rich culture, did not welcome the white people who took

their land. In 1788 there were about three hundred thousand aborigines in Australia. For a long time

they have been a dying nation but now their living conditions are improving. The aboriginal

population lives in towns, in the mining districts, on the cattle stations and in other parts of

Australia.

The aborigines love music. They sing and play their instruments and dance. When they dance

they put colours on their faces, arms and legs.

The aborigines say that the world is not round, it is flat. They say that there are two worlds:

the aboriginal world in Australia and the sky world. The sun, the moon, and star men live in the sky

world.

When a man dies, the aborigines say, his spirit comes out of his body and gets into a boat. The

boatman takes the spirit to an island. This island is very far from Australia. It is in the sky, higher

than the sun, and there are lots of camping places there. The dead man will see all his dead friends

there.

The aborigines know a lot of very old stories. They are like the old Greek and Scandinavian

myths.

III Read the text « A City in the Bush», say what you have learned from it.

The "bush" for Australians is what is opposite to "town". The bush is a forest, a field, a

meadow. A joke says that there is a city in Australia called Sydney, and all the rest around it is the

bush.

A journalist, who wanted to prepare a report about Australia's capital Canberra, planned to

show the people living there. However, he was unable to take a photograph of a traditional street

crowd in that city. The explanation is that there are no crowds of people in Canberra.

The city territory is 21 square kilometers, but one hundred hectares are parks. In fact, Canberra

is several micro-districts or small towns separated by highspeed roads and areas of unpopulated

countryside. The whole of "Greater Canberra" does not even have three hundred thousand people.

They live in one-storey houses and drive their own cars. A few tall buildings in the centre are for

government and business offices. The architecture of the National Gallery of Arts and the National

Library is rather interesting.

On a fine Sunday when all shops are closed, even a cyclist is a rare thing in the centre of the

city. But a kangaroo on a large meadow is not a rare thing and a piece of bread in your hand will

make this animal your friend.

TEМА №17 THE SYSTEM OF EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN

New Words

to be aimed to – преследовать цель

pre-school – дошкольное

to attend – посещать

nursery school – детский сад

compulsory – обязательный

primary education – начальное образование

infant school – подготовительная школа

junior school – начальная школа

science – естествознание

secondary education – среднее образование

limited – ограниченный

sewing – шитье

shorthand – стенография

unskilled – неквалифицированный

to encourage – поощрять

link – связь

TEXT: THE SYSTEM OF EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN

The system of education in any country is aimed at developing a personality for the good of

the individual and society as a whole.

Pre-school education in England begins at the age of 3 or 4. About half of the children at this

age attend nursery-schools or playgroups mostly organised by parents. Children of this age need

care as well as education. That's why kids play a lot, learn to listen attentively and to behave.

Compulsory primary education begins at the age of five in England, Wales and Scotland and

at four in Northern Ireland. Children start their school career in an infant school. Lessons start at 9

a. m. and are over at 4 p.m. They are taught «3 R's»: Reading, Writing, Arithme-tic. Pupils have a

lot of fun at school, drawing, reading, dancing or singing.

When they are 7 pupils move to a junior school, which lasts four years till they are 11. They

study a lot of subjects: English, Mathematics, Science, History, Geography along with Technology,

Music, Art and Physical education Most of children (over 90 per cent) go to state schools where

education is free. Only a small proportion of them attend private (Public) or independent schools.

Parents have to pay for the education at these schools. The fees are high and only some families can

afford it. So such schools are for the representatives of the high class of England. The most notable

Public schools are Eton, Harrow, Winchester, Rugby. Secondary education begins at 11. The

majority of secondary schools are Comprehensive schools where boys and girls study together.

Besides, parents can take their sons and daughters to Grammar schools or Secondary Modern

Schools. Grammar schools provide an academic course from 11 to 18. They prepare pupils for

colleges and universities.

Many children of working class families go to Modern schools. They give a very limited

education.

Pupils get instruction in woodwork, metalwork, sewing, shorthand, typing and cooking. After

finishing such a school a pupil becomes an unskilled worker.

The

Comprehensive

Schools

have

their

own

«Grammar

school»

classes

and

«Modern

classes» Every pupil has to choose a set of subjects to learn. If he takes up Art he will study English

Literature Music, Art, Drama and foreign languages. If he is good at exact and natural sciences, he

will

learn

Science:

Mathematics,

Physics,

Chemistry,

Biology,

Geography,

Economics

and

Technical Drawing. The British government encourages careers education in the country. That's

why secondary schools try to breakdown the barriers between education and business. They set up

close links with firms to allow their students to take part in business activities.

At around 16 years old teenagers take some exams and coursework to get General Certificate

of Education. Those who choose to stay on at school usually study for two further years to pass A

level (Advanced level) exams. These exams will give them a chance to enter the university.

I. Answer the question.

1) What is a system of education aimed to

2) When does the pre-school education in England begin in England, Wales and North Ireland?

3) When does the compulsory education begin in England?

4) What are «3R's» of the infant school?

5) What are the most famous Public schools in England?

6) What are Grammar and Comprehensive schools?

7) What are Modern schools?

8) Are there compulsory subjects in UK?

9)

What exams must be taken to enter the University?

TEМА №18 - EDUCATION IN THE USA

TEXT: EDUCATION IN THE USA

The federal government pays little attention to school education in the USA. Each state has its

own system of schools. But there are some common features in the organization of school education

in the country. Schools in the USA can be divided into state or public schools and private schools.

State schools are free, and private schools are fee-paying. Elementary and secondary schools consist

of twelve grades. At elementary school English, mathematics, science, social studies, music, sports

and other subjects taught. Elementary education begins at the age of six, when a child goes to the

first grade. Secondary education is offered at high schools. At the age of 14 students go to a junior

high school. At the age of 16 children leave junior high school and may continue their education at

the upper grades of high school.

A student, who has finished high school, may want to continue in higher education. There are

several ways to do it: universities, colleges, technical or vocational schools. A program for

undergraduates usually takes four years. University students get an undergraduate degree in the arts

or science. If they complete a course of study they get Bachelor of Arts or Science degree. Students

may leave the university at this time. They may also go on for a graduate or professional degree.

The university may get money from several different sources: state government, private sources,

religious group.

I. Answer the questions:

1) Who is responsible for education in the USA?

2) At what age do students start elementary school?

1)

What type of school do students attend after elementary school?

2)

What subjects do they study at school?

3)

What do students need to obtain the high school diploma?

4)

Is sport important in the American school system?

5)

How many colleges and universities are there in the USA?

6)

What do students do during the first two years?

7)

For what are credits awarded?

8)

What is a junior college?

II. Переведите предложения на английский язык:

1.

Образование бесплатно и обязательно во всех штатах.

2.

В начальной школе акцент делается на основные навыки (говорение, чтение, письмо и

арифметика).

3.

Существует два основных вида средней школы.

4.

Важной фигурой в средней школе является консультант.

5.

Внеучебная деятельность очень важна в Американской школьной системе.

6.

Колледжи предлагают свой собственный выбор предметов.

7.

Студенты могут получить аспирантское образование.

TEМА №19-OUR TECHNICAL SCHOOL

New Words:

to leave school – оканчивать школу

to pass exams – сдавать экзамены

to occupy – занимать

to run – бегать

to attend lectures – посещать занятия

to do well – успевать

on foot – пешком

level pass – проходной бал

health, hour – здоровье, час

period – занятие

break – перерыв

canteen – столовая

gym– спортзал

fiction – беллетристика (фикция)

term – семестр

equipment – оборудование

workshop – цех, мастерская

academic session – академическая сессия

hotel – гостиница

hostel – общежитие

TEXT: OUR TECHNICAL SCHOOL

My name is Peter Ivanov. In June I left (finished) school and in August passed my exams at the

polytechnical school. Level pass to our technical school was 7. I got 4 in Russian and 5 in

mathematics So my level pass was 9. Now I am a full - time first - year student. Our polytechnical

school is not far from our block of flats and I can easily get there by bus. It takes me 25 minutes to

get to the technical school. Sometimes I go there on foot. And though it takes me an hour, it is

healthy. Our technical school occupies two buildings. It runs full — time and part - time (or

evening) departments. There are several departments at our technical school. Our studies begin at 9

o 'clock, usually we have six hours (periods) a day. We have a lunch break at 12 o 'clock. We have a

good canteen and during our lunch period we take our meals there. There is a gym (gym hall) on the

ground floor. Our library is on the second floor. It contains a lot of textbooks and fiction. It is open

from 9 a. m. till 8 p. m. in term — time. There is a large reading — hall and we often do our-

homework there. Our classroom and laboratories are large and light. Our labs have modern

equipment. The workshops where we have practical training are on the ground floor. The academic

session began on the first of September and will end in June. Every day we attend lectures

(sessions) and have practice. I do well because I want to become a good specialist. At the end of the

term we'll take exams and I'll try to pass them successfully.

Some of our students live in the hostel. It is not far from our technical school. It takes them ten

minutes to get to the technical school.

I. Answer the question.

1. When did Peter finish school?

2. How can Peter get to our politechnical school?

3. What was the level pass to his technical school?

4. Is Peter a full – time student?

5. How much does it take Peter to get there?

II. Переведите на английский язык.

1. B прошлом году я окончил школу.

2. Я сдал экзамены в техникум.

3. Теперь я учусь в техникуме.

4. Я студент дневного отделения.

5. Наш техникум занимает большое и светлое здание.

6. Занятия начинаются в 9 часов утра.

7. Обычно у нас 6 уроков в день.

8. В 12 часов у нас большая перемена.

3 курс

TEМА №1-BOOKS IN OUR LIFE

New words:

Heart – сердце

Invention – изобретение

Librarian – библиотекарь

Catalogue – каталог

Exhibition – выставка

Belles-letters – беллетристика

To depend on - зависеть от

Science fiction – научная фантастика

Comic – комикс

Exciting – волнующий

Main character – главный герой

Personality – личность

Courageous – смелый

To be like – быть похожим

II. Text: B

OOKS

IN

OUR

LIFE

«Books and friends should be few but good», says an English proverb- «Except a living man

there is nothing more wonderful than a book! They teach us and open their hearts to us as brothers»,

wrote Charles Kingsley, an English writer of the 19'century. The book is certainly one of the

greatest inventions of man. It is a friend and a teacher. We learn many things by reading books.

Books teach people to live. After reading some books it is easy to understand what should be done

and what must not be done. One can learn a lot by reading books. There are a lot of libraries in our

country, where we can choose any book we need. Everyone has the right to use public libraries. The

librarian is always ready to help you to find a book on any subject, even if you do not know the title

of the book you want. Those who know how to use the Library catalogue can find the books

without consulting the librarian. Talks, exhibitions and other events take place in libraries. Book

lists are prepared beforehand so that new interests can be developed afterwards among the visitors.

Except reading special and scientific literature it is a great pleasure to read belles-letters. Different

people like to read different kinds of it. It depends on one's taste and character. Some people prefer

detectives or science fiction. Others like historical books. Girls and women prefer love stores.

Children like comics very much.

I. Answer the questions;

1. What is one of the greatest inventions of man?

2. When, do we learn many things?

3. How many libraries are there in our country?

4. What can the librarian do always for you?

5. What events can fake place in libraries?

6. What is your favorite book?

II. Make up a short monologue using the given phrases:

1. As for me, I prefer...

2. My favourite book is ...

3. It is very interesting and exciting.

4. The main character of the book is ...

5. He (she) is a real personality.

6. He (she) is clever (kind, courageous, strong, merry).

7. I wish to be like him (her).

TEМА №2-IN THE WORLD OF ARTS

New worlds

Music – музыка

ballet - балет

Dance – танцевать

jazz - джаз

Pop – music – поп-музыка

classical music – классическая музыка

Favourite composer – любимый

to compose music – сочинять музыку

композитор

symphony - симфония

Concert – концерт

to enjoy - наслаждаться

Sonata – соната

painter - художник

Painting – живопись

gallery of portraits – галерея

Portrait painter – портретист

портретов

Text: IN THE WORLD OF ARTS

1. People cannot live without music. 2. They listen to music, they learn to play musical

instruments. 3. Some of them are fond of pop-music, others prefer jazz, and still others listen only

to classical music. 4. As for me, I like both pop-music and classical music. 5. My favorite composer

is Sergey Prokofiev. 6. He was born in 1891, and when he was 12 he began composing music. 7.

When he was thirteen, he entered the St. Petersburg Conservatoire where his teachers were such

famous musicians as N. Rimsky – Korsakov and A. Liadov. 8. He played his works for the first time

at a concert in St. Petersburg when he was seventeen, and two years later at a concert in Moscow. 9.

Prokofiev composed music to such famous ballets as “Romeo and Juliet” and “Cinderella “, to the

opera “ War and Peace “ . 10. He wrote seven symphonies. 11. His sixth and

seventh symphonies are known all over the world. 12. Besides, he wrote nine sonatas, many songs

and different pieces for the piano. 13. Prokofiev died in 1953. 14. But thousands of people all over

the world still enjoy his wonderful music.15. As for the other kinds of arts, I like painting very

much. 16. Some time ago I watched a good TV programme about English painters. 17. Some

portraits attracted my attention. 18. They were painted by the famous English artist Joshua

Reynolds. 19. He was born in England but spent much time in Italy where he studied art. 20. He

became a famous painter. 21. People liked his portraits very much. 22. In 1768 Reynolds became

the first president of the Royal Academy of Arts. 23. He made a whole gallery of portraits of the

most famous people of his time – writers, scientists and actors.

I. Answer the questions:

1.

What kinds of music are there?

2.

Do you like jazz?

3.

What is your favourite composer?

4.

Do you like classic music?

5.

What do you know about S. Prokofiev?

6.

What English painters do you know?

II. Translate into English:

1.

Люди не могут жить без музыки.

2.

Мой любимый композитор – Сергей Прокофьев.

3. Прокофьев написал музыку к таким известным балетам, как « Ромео и Джульетта» и «

Золушка», к опере « Война и мир».

4. Что касается других видов искусства, я очень люблю живопись.

TEМА №3-

ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION

I. Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Development

of

environmental

engineering

Ever since people first realized that their health and well-being were related to the

quality of their environment, they have applied thoughtful principles to improve the quality

of their environment. The ancient Indus civilization utilized early sewers in some cities. The

Romans

constructed

aqueducts

to

prevent

drought

and

to

create

a

clean,

healthful

water

supply for the metropolis of Rome. In the 15th century, Bavaria created laws restricting the

development and degradation of alpine country that constituted the region's water supply. In

the

mid-19th

century

in

London

Joseph

Bazalgette

designed

the

first

major

sewerage

system. The introduction of drinking water treatment and sewage treatment in industrialized

countries

reduced

waterborne

diseases.

The field emerged as a separate environmental discipline during the middle third of

the

20th

century

in

response

to

widespread

public

concern

about

water

and

pollution

and

increasingly extensive environmental quality degradation. However, its roots extend back to

early efforts in public health engineering.

In many cases, as societies grew, actions that were intended to achieve benefits for

those

societies

had

longer-term

impacts

which

reduced

other

environmental

qualities.

One

example

is

the

widespread

application

of

DDT

(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane)

to

control

agricultural pests in the years following World War II. While the agricultural benefits were

outstanding

and

crop

yields

increased

dramatically,

thus

reducing

world

hunger

substantially,

and

malaria

was

controlled

better

than

it

ever

had

been,

numerous

species

were brought to the verge of extinction due to the impact of the DD T on their reproductive

cycles. The story of DDT as vividly told in Rachel Carson's «Silent Spring» is considered to

be

the

birth

of

the

modern

environmental

movement

and

the

development

of

the

modern

field

of

environmental

engineering.

I I . Найдите и выпишите из текста

"Development

of

environmental

engineering"

следующие английские эквиваленты:

Улучшать

качество

окружающей

среды

Водоснабжение

канализационная

система

канализационные

трубы

очистка

воды

ухудшение

качества

окружающей

среды

длительное

воздействие

широкое

применение

сельскохозяйственные

вредители

на грани вымирания

наносить вред окружающей среде

TEМА №4-SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Science

(from

the

Latin scientia, “knowledge”), in the broadest sense, refers to any

systematic knowledge or practice. In a more restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring

knowledge based on the scientific method.

Fields of science. Fields of science are commonly classified along two major lines:

– natural sciences, which study natural phenomena (including biological life);

– social sciences, which study human behaviour and societies.

There are also related disciplines that are grouped into interdisciplinary and applied sciences, such

as engineering and health science. Within these categories are specialized scientific fields that can

include elements of other scientific disciplines but often possess their own terminology and body of

expertise.

Science is sometimes termed experimental science to differentiate it from applied science,

which is the application of scientific research to specific human needs, though the two are often

interconnected. Scientific method. The scientific method seeks to explain the events of nature in a

reproducible way, and to use these reproductions to make useful predictions. It is done through

observation of natural phenomena, and/or through experimentation that tries to simulate natural

events under controlled conditions. It provides an objective process to find solutions to problems in

a number of scientific and technological fields. Scientists use models to refer to a description of

something, specifically one which can be used to make predictions that can be tested by experiment

or observation. A hypothesis is a contention that has been neither well supported nor yet ruled out

by experiment. A theory, in the context of science, is a logically self-consistent model or framework

for describing the behaviour of certain natural phenomena. A theory typically describes the

behaviour of much broader sets of phenomena than a hypothesis – commonly, a large number of

hypotheses may be logically bound together by a single theory.

Goals of science. The underlying goal or purpose of science is to produce useful models of

reality. To achieve this, one can form hypotheses based on observations. By analyzing a number of

related hypotheses, scientists can form general theories. These theories benefit society orhuman

individuals who make use of them.

In short, science produces models with useful predictions. Science attempts to describe what

is, but avoids trying to determine what is. Science is a useful tool. Today, science has a profound

effect on the way humans interact with and act upon nature, largely through its applications in new

technology.

Impacts of science. Some forms of technology have become so well established that it is

easy to forget the great scientific achievements that they represent. The refrigerator, for example,

owes its existence to a discovery that liquids take in energy when they evaporate, a phenomenon

known as latent heat. The first automobile, dating from the 1880s, made use of many advances in

physics and engineering, including reliable ways of generating high-voltage sparks, while the first

computers emerged in the 1940s from simultaneous advances in electronics and mathematics. Other

fields of science also play an important role in the things the developed world use or consume every

day. Research in food technology has created new ways of preserving and flavouring of edible

products.

Research in industrial chemistry has created a vast range of plastics and other synthetic

materials, which have thousands of uses in the home and in industry.

I. Complete each sentence using a word derivationally related to the word given in brackets:

1. Scientists … phenomena and prove hypotheses (observation). 2. The government should put …

on use of nuclear weapons (restrict). 3. … of new techniques has been made possible due to …

research in the field of electric power (apply, extension). 4. The … and introduction of computers

played an important role in the development of … research (emerge, science). 5. By means of

experiments and observation scientists can … reality (description). 6. Technological advances are

… to our society (benefit). 7. The Chernobyl disaster caused … of farmland and livestock

(contaminate). 8. Sometimes science generates technology that can … the world (destructive).

II. Match the words to their definitions:

1) model

2) method

3) hypothesis

4) theory

5) advance

6) research

7) prediction

8) experimentation

a) systematic investigation to establish facts;

b) an organized system of accepted knowledge:

c) the act of conducting a controlled test or investigation;

d) a simplified description of a complex entity or process;

e) a statement made about the future;

f) a way of doing something, especially a systematic way;

g) a change for the better; progress in development;

h) a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena.

III. Insert prepositions where necessary:

1. The development of science and technology often has a negative impact … our environment. 2.

We must differentiate hypotheses … the facts that have been proved. 3. Engineering science refers

to the field dealing with the art of applying scientific knowledge … practical problems. 4. This new

theory

owes

much

…

Einstein’s

Relativity

Theory.

5.

The

humanity

can

benefit

…

the

achievements brought about … all fields of science. 6. The burning of fossil fuels has a harmful

effect … the atmosphere by destroying … ozone layer. 7. It is impossible to make any exact

predictions … the development of genetic engineering. 8. Due to research … chemistry we can

make use … many synthetic materials both in the home and in industry.

IV. Substitute the words in italics by their synonyms:

1. His discovery can have only a limited application in aeronautics and space exploration. 2. It is

necessary

to distinguish between experimental science and applied science. 3. The practical

application of science to commerce or industry is called technology. 4. They depicted the situation

to us in great detail. 5. Children gain language skills at an amazing rate. 6. The advent of the

automobile may have changed the growth pattern of the city. 7. He intentionally avoided speaking

about the harmful effect of the technological advances.

4 курс

TEМА №1- CHEMISTRY: KEY TO PROGRESS AND ABUNDANCE

The science of chemistry includes a study of properties, composition,

and

structure

of

matter, the changes in structure and composition which matter undergoes, and the accompanying

energy

changes.

The Russian chemical industry now holds second place in the world in overall volume

of production. Much credit for this is due to our scientists whose research has won worldwide

recognition.

The

classical

works

by

Mendeleyev,

Butlerov,

Zelinsky,

Zaitzev,

Lebedev,

Favorsky

and

many others not only served as a theoretical basis for the development of the

chemical industry, but enabled our scientists to set up a number of modern branches of the

chemical industry

as

well.

The close links between science and industry enabled the chemical

industry

to

make

great

progress.

The Soviet Union was the first country to organize large-scale

production

of

synthetic

rubber.

Zelinsky's

works

formed

the

basis

for

the

synthesizing of a large number of new

chemical compounds. These compounds are now counted in thousands, and they are extremely

important in the country's economy. Our scientists evolved an original method of extracting

phenol and acetone simultaneously from benzene and propylene. Phenol and acetone are needed

for the manufacture of plastics, textile fibres, organic glass and other chemical products.

Scientists

are

making

a

major

contribution

to

the

production

of

aniline

dyes,

and

many new dyes have been evolved with their help.

The

research

of

our

scientists

has

revealed

the

physical and

physico-chemical

conditions necessary for the industrial production and processing of polymeric materials.

The theory of chain reactions is a major discovery of our time. The development of

this theory is linked with the name of the Soviet scientist Semyonov, a Nobel Prize winner.

The

successes

achieved

by

chemistry

and

engineering have played an important part

in our country's achievements in

space.

VOCABULARY

chemistry - химия

science - наука

to include - включать

property - свойство

composition - состав

codas structure - структура, состояние

matter - материя

to undergo – подвергаться

accompanying - сопутствующие [

energy changes – преобразование энергии

abundance - изобилие

overall volume of production – общий

объем продукции

much credit for this is due to our

scientists – в этом большая заслуга наших

ученых research – исследование

to win world-wide recognition – получить

всемирное признание

to set up - основывать

branch - отрасль

close links – тесная

large-scale production – производство в

больших масштабах

synthesizing - синтез

compound – соединение

to evolve - разрабатывать

simultaneously - одновременно

manufacture

- производство

textile fibres

- текстильные волокна

contribution – вклад

aniline dyes

– анилиновые

красители

to reveal - открывать, показывать

condition - условие

processing - оюработка

chain reaction

– цепная реакция

discovery - открытие

to serve – служить

theoretical basis – теоретическая основа

development – развитие

enable – давать возможность

to achieve

- достигать

to play an important part – играть

важную роль

TEМА №2- FIELDS OF CHEMISTRY

The

field

of

chemistry

is

now

a

very

large

one.

There are more than 30 different

branches

of

chemistry.

Some

of

the better

known

fields

are

inorganic

chemistry,

organic

chemistry,

physical

chemistry,

analytical

chemistry,

biological chemistry,

pharmaceutical

chemistry, nuclear chemistry, industrial chemistry, colloidal chemistry, and electrochemistry.

Inorganic chemistry. It eas originally considered that the field

of

inorganic

chemistry

consists

of

the

study

of

materials not derived from living organisms|. However it now includes

all substances other than the hydrocarbons and their derivatives.

Organic

chemistry. At one time it was thought that all substances found in plants

and animals could be made only by using part of a living plant or animal. The study of these

substances,

most

of

which

contain

carbon

was

therefore called organic chemistry. It is now

known that this idea is quite wrong, for in 1828 F. Wohler made an "organic" substance using a

simple laboratory process.

Organic chemistry now merely means the chemistry of carbon compounds.

Physical

chemistry is concerned with those parts of chemistry

which

are

closely

linked with physics as, for in stance, the behaviour of substances when a current of electricity is

passed

through

them.

Electrochemistry

is

concerned

with

the

relation

between electrical

energy

and

chemical change. Electrolysis is the process whereby electrical energy causes a chemical change

in the conducting medium, which usually is a solution or a molten substance. The process is

generally used as a method of deposition metals from a solution.

Magnetochemistry is the study of behaviour of a chemical substance in the presence of a

magnetic field. A paramagnetic substance, i.e. one having unpaired electrons is drawn into a

magnetic field. Diamagnetic substances, i.e.

those having

no

unpaired

electrons,

are

repelled

by a magnetic field.

Biochemistry. Just as the physical chemist works on the boundaries between physics

and chemistry, so the biochemist works on the boundaries between biology and chemistry. Much of

the work of the biochemist is concerned with foodstuffs and, medicines. The medicines known

as antibiotics, of which penicillin is an early example, were prepared by biochemists.

VOCABULARY

field – область, отрасль

nuclear chemistry – ядерная химия

It was ... considered (thought) –

предполагали, считали

to consist - состоять из

to derive – происходить от

to include – включать, содержать в себе

hydrocarbon – углеводород

substance - вещество

to contain – содержать

for instance - например

behaviour - поведение

current of electricity – электрический

ток

relation – соотношение, зависимость

whereby – посредством которого

to cause – вызывать

conducting medium – проводящая среда

solution - раствор

molten - расплавленный

method of deposition metals – метод

осаждения металлов

to draw (drew, drawn) – тянуть

to repel - отталкиваться

boundary - граница

EXERCISES

I.

Give English equivalents for these words.

отрасль

развитие

исследование

Условие

выделение

открытие

состав

свойство

наука

производство

одновременно

достигать

II.

Answer the questions.

1)

Which branch of chemistry deals with the study of materials not derived from living organisms?

2)

Which branch of chemistry studies the behaviour of a chemical substance in the presence of a

magnetic field?

3)

What is the study of substances containing carbon called?

4)

What other branches of chemistry do you know?

5)

By whom were antibiotics prepared?

III.

Fill in the gaps with suitable words given below.

1)

Diamagnetic substances are ... by a magnetic field.

2)

Much of the work of the biochemist is concerned with . . . and medicines.

3)

... is the process whereby electrical energy causes a chemical change in the conducting medium.

4)

Electrolysis is generally used as a method of deposition of metals from ....

5)

The theory of ... reactions is a major discovery of our time.

6)

The close links between the science and industry ... the chemical industry to make great progress.

7)

Zelinsky's works formed the basis for the synthesizing of a large number of new chemical ... .

8)

Scientists are making a major contribution to ... of aniline dyes.

9)

There are more than 30 different . . . of chemistry.

10) Diamagnetic substances have no ... electrons.

Production, repelled, unpaired, solution, foodstuffs, compounds, enabled, branches, electrolysis, chain.

IV.

Make up sentences out of these words.

1)

And, phenol, an original method, acetone, our scientists, simultaneously, benzene, and, evolved,

from, extracting, propylene, of.

1)

Substance, field, the study, in the presence, behaviour, chemical, magnetochemistry, of, of, is, a, of,

a, magnetic.

2)

World-wide, this, to, scientists, recognition, much, due, research, credit, our, is, whose, won, has.

2)

Other, needed, manufacture, textile fibers, plastics, acetone, and, are, organic glass, for, the,

products, of, and, chemical, phenol.

3)

Physics, chemistry, parts, linked, which, concerned, are, closely, with, with, physical, chemistry, is,

those, of.

V.

Translate into English.

1) Наши ученые разработали новый метод обработки металлов.

2) Биохимики внесли большой вклад в производство антибиотиков.

3) Электрохимия

связана

с

изучением

отношений

между

электрической

энергией и химическими изменениями.

4)

Русские

ученые

основали

большое

количество

современных

отраслей

химической

промышленности.

5) Они не знают состава этого соединения.

6)

Советский

союз

был

первым

государством,

которое

организовало

крупномасштабное

производство синтетического

каучука.

7)

Этот

ученый

определил

физические

и

физико-химические

условия

необходимые

для

промышленного производства и обработки полимерных материалов.

TEМА №3- SYMBOLS, FORMULAS AND EQUATIONS

Each of the 105 presently known chemical elements is given a symbol which usually

is derived from the name of the element. The symbol of oxygen is O, of hydrogen is H,

of

helium He, of copper Cu, of sodium Na, of plutonium Pu. Groups of symbols called formulas are

used to designate compounds. The formula for water is H

2

O, for carbon dioxide CO

2

, for sulphuric

acid H

2

SO4.These symbols and formulas are used to indicate chemical fractions. For example:

2H

2

O → 2H

2

+ O

2

(statement: water decomposes to form hydrogen and oxygen)

VOCABULARY

symbol - символ

carbon dioxide C0

2

– двуокись углерода

equation – уравнение

presently - в настоящее время

to derive – происходить

copper (Cu) - медь

sodium (Na) – натрий

to designate – обозначать

sulphuric acid H

2

S0

4

– серная кислота

to indicate – указывать, означать

statement – формулировка

to decompose – разлагаться (на составные

части)

TEМА №4- INORGANIC MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS

Simple diatomic molecules of a single element are designated by the symbol for the

element with a subscript 2, indicating that it contains 2 atoms. Thus the hydrogen molecule is H

2

;

the nitrogen molecule, N

2

; and the oxygen molecule, O

2

. Polyatomic molecules of a single element

are designated by the symbol for the element with a numerical subscript corresponding to the

number of atoms in the molecule. Examples are the phosphorus molecule, P

4

, and the sulphur

molecule, S

8

.

Diatomic covalent molecules, containing unlike elements are given similar designation.

The formula for hydrogen chloride is HCl. The more electropositive element is always desig nated

first

in

the

formula.

For

polyatomic

covalent

molecules

containing unlike

elements,

numerical

subscriptions

are

used

to

designate number of atoms of each element present in the molecule,

for

example,

water,

H

2

O. Again,

as

in

diatomic

molecules,

more

electropositive

element

is

placed first in the formula.

VOCABULARY

molecule – молекула

diatomic - двухатомный

single – единичный

subscript – подстрочный индекс

polyatomic - многоатомный

numerical – числовой

corresponding - соответствующий

sulphur – cepa

covalent - ковалентный

unlikе – различный

similar – подобный

hydrogen chloride - хлористый водопровод

electropositive - электроположительный

TEМА №5 - PERIODIC LAW

O n e

o f

t h e

c o r n e r s t o n e s

o f

m o d e r n

c h e m i c a l

t h e o r y

i s

the Periodic Law. It can be simply stated as follows: The properties of the elements are a periodic

function of the nuclear charges

of

their

atoms.

In

1869

Mendeleyev

arrived

at

the

conclusion

that

by the arrangement of the

elements in order of increasing atomic weight the similarity and periodicity of properties of

various, valence groups of the elements were clearly delineated.

There were several vacant spaces in Mendeleyev's table which led him to predict the

existence of six undiscovered elements, (scandium, gallium, germanium, polonium etc). His

confidence in the new classification was clearly expressed in the predictions which he made of the

chemical properties of these missing elements. And within fifteen years gallium,

scandium

and

germanium

were

discovered.

Although

this

table

has

been

modified

hundreds

of

times, it

has

withstood

the

onslaught of all new facts. Isotopes, rare gases, atomic numbers, and electron configurations have

only strengthened the idea of the periodicity of the properties of the elements.

VOCABULARY

Periodic Law – периодический закон

cornerstone – краеугольный камень

to state – формулировать

as follows – следующим образом

nuclear charge – ядерный заряд

to arrive at a conclusion – прийти к

заключению

arrangement – расположение

in order of increasing atomic weight – в

порядке возрастания атомного веса

similarity ['simi

y

laeriti] cxofl-

valence group – валентная группа

to delineate - очерчивать

vacant space – свободное место

to predict - предсказывать

existence - существование

confidence - уверенность

to express – выражать

prediction - предсказание

missing - отсутствующий

within – в течение

to modify - видоизменять

to withstand – выдерживать

onslaught – появление

isotope – изотоп

rare gases – редкие газы

electron configuration – электронная

конфигурация

to strengthen - укреплять

EXERCISES

I. Answer the questions.

1)

How many chemical elements are there now?

2)

What is the symbol of Manganese?

3)

What is a symbol usually derived from?

4)

What does a subscript show?

5)

What element is always designated first in the formula?

6)

When did Mendeleyev discover the periodic law?

7)

How can the Periodic Law be simply stated?

8)

What elements were discovered after Mendeleyev modified the table?

9)

Give some examples of polyatomic molecules of single elements.

10)What are simple diatomic molecules of a single element designated by?

II.

True or false?

1)

Symbols and formulas are used to indicate chemical reactions.

2)

Groups of symbols are called equations.

3)

Groups of symbols are called formulas.

4)

There are 102 chemical elements now.

5)

The more electropositive element is always designated last in the formula.

6)

Subscriptions are used to designate the number of atoms of each element present in the

molecule.

7)

Mendeleyev made his discovery in 1879.

8)

There were several vacant spaces in Mendeleyev’s table which led him to predict the existence

of six undiscovered elements.

9)

The table wasn’t modified.

10) Properties of the elements are periodic functions of the nuclear charges of their atoms.

II. Identify the words, each dash stands for one letter only.

III.

Translate the words from exercise III and make up your own sentences with them.

IV.

Find special words and terms in the cross-word puzzle.

5 курс

TEМА №1-Description

of chemical elements.

CHLORINE

1)

d _ _ _ _

2)

_ y _ _ _ _

3)

_ _ sig _ _ _ _

4)

_ _ com _ _ _ _

5)

_ _ lya _ _ _ _ _

6)

_ _ _ _ _ ar

7)

_ t _ t _

8)

v _ _ _ _ t

9)

ex _ _ _ _ _

10) arr _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

11) _ _ _ _ _ _ tion

12) m _ss _ _ g

13) var _ _ _ _

14) _ _ _ _ fy

15) f _ _ _ tion

H

Y

D

R

0

G

E

N

P

0

R

E

A

C

P

E

L

E

N

L

E

M C

T

E

C

T

G

E

Y

L

E

O

I

R

O

R

Y

M A

E

H

P

O

I

H

E

X

U

T

C

T

P

N

0

Y

D

O

I

0

H

Y

E

R

D

T

I

E

L

M

E

T

I

C

I

R

X

N

C

I

M P

R

O

P

E

O

I

D

E

I

C

A

L

V

A

L

E

N

C

Chlorine is an element with atomic number 17, atomic weight 35.5 (thirty-five point

five). It is a gas at ordinary temperatures and is never found free in nature. It is found in nature

combined with other elements. At normal temperatures, chlorine is a diatomic gas (C1

2

), greenish-

yellow in colour and about 2 1/2 (two and a half) times as heavy as air. It liquefies at atmospheric

pressure at —34. 1° C (minus thirty-four point one degrees Centigrade) to a yellowish liquid approx-

imately 11/2 (one and a half) times as heavy as water. The liquid freezes at —100.98° C (minus one

hundred point nine eight degrees Centigrade). Chlorine is soluble in water and indirectly exerts

bleaching and bactericidal action by reacting with water to form hypochlorous acid.

Cl

2

+ H

2

O ↔ HCl + HClO → HCl + (O)

Chlorine Water Hydrochloric Hypochloric

acid acid

The hypochlorous acid is unstable, giving up oxygen to form more HC1. The oxygen

attacks and destroys bacteria; it also oxidizes coloured organic substances, forming colourless or

less-coloured components.

As one of the most active elements, chlorine ranks in reactivity about with oxygen. It

combines directly and readily with hydrogen and most non-metals except nitrogen, carbon and

oxygen; it also unites with all the familiar metals except gold and platinum.

Participating in a number of important organic reactions, in some cases chlorine appears

in the final product, as in insecticides (DDT) or in the plastic, polyvinil chloride.

Chlorine is generally produced by electrolysis of water solutions of sodium chloride in

electrolytic cells. When sodium

chloride

or

potassium

chloride

solutions

are

subjected to

electrolysis, there are three products; caustic soda or caustic potash, chlorine and hydrogen. If

fused sodium chloride is used, there are two products: chlorine, and metallic sodium.

VOCABULARY

is never found free in nature не

встречается в свободном состоянии в

природе

2 1/2 times as heavy as air в 2 ½ раза

тяжелее воздуха

to liquefy переходить

в

жидкое

состояние

approximately приблизительно

to freeze (froze, frozen)

замерзать,

затвердевать

soluble растворимый

to exert оказывать

bleaching and bactericidal action

отбеливающее

и

бактерицидное

действие

hypochlorous acid хлорноватистая

кислота

unstable неустойчивый

to combine соединяться

familiar известный

to

participate учавствовать

to appear появляться

insecticide средство

для

истребления

насекомых

sodium chloride поваренная

соль,

хлористый

натрий

electrolytic cell

электролитическая

ванна

potassium

chloride хлористый

калий

to

subject

подвергать

caustic soda едкий натр

caustic

potash едкое кали

fused=molten расплавленный

to destroy разрушать

to oxidize окислять,

оксидировать

component составная

часть,

компонент

ranks in reactivity about with oxygen по

своей

реактивности

почти

не

уступает

кислороду

EXERCISES

I. Answer the questions.

1)

In what state is chlorine found in nature?

2)

At what temperature does chlorine liquefy?

3)

Is chlorine easily soluble in water?

4)

What action does chlorine exert in water?

5)

What is the reactivity of chlorine?

6)

What products are obtained when sodium chloride or potassium chloride solutions are

subjected to electrolysis?

7)

By what method is chlorine generally produced?

8)

What products are produced if fused sodium chloride is used ?

II. Make up a description of any element you like.

TEМА №1- ANALYTICAL

CHEMISTRY

METHODS OF ANALYSIS

The analysis of a complex material usually involves four steps, sampling, dissolving

the

sample,

separating

mutually interfering

substances,

and

determining

the

constituents

of

interest.

The

first

step,

sampling

can

be

a

significant

problem,

particularly

in

industrial

applications.

Sampling is complete when the subdivision is small enough to permit analysis.

The second step is the dissolving of a sample. If we know the

nature

of

the

sample

we use a suitable reagent.

I/Gravimetric methods involve a weighing operation as the final

measurement.

Gravimetric analysis have been developed for almost everything from A (luminium) to

Z

(irconium).

Gravimetric procedures may be done in various ways: by precipitating, by dissolving, by

removing as a volatile compound^.

Volumetric

methods

involve

measurement

of

that

volume of a solution of known

concentration which reacts with a known amount of the sample. Such a solution is called a standard

solution.

Volumetric techniques are now applicable to most of the elements and to many specific

inorganic and organic compounds. They are widely used in all phases of chemistry, in medicine,

and in many allied sciences.

Physico-chemical methods depend upon the measurement of physical properties other

than mass and volume. Such methods are important when the simpler methods of analysis are

inadequate.

METHODS OF SEPARATION

Methods of separating a solid and a liquid are built around two

processes,

filtration

and

centrifugation.

Filtration is the process of passing the suspension of solid and liquified through a

porous barrier which will trap the solid. The barrier may be filter paper, sintered glass, asbestos

matting, glass wool and others.

Centrifugation is mechanized setting (or floating) and depends

upon

the

difference

between the densities of the solid and the solution. Gravitational setting is usually inadequate.

A

centrifuge

can

be

used

to

enhance

the

gravitational

force moving the particles. Most

centrifuges operate at hundreds of revolutions per minute. Extremely difficult separations require

speeds of tens of thousands of revolutions per minute.

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

are built around two processes – базируются

на двух процессах

the process of passing … through – прцесс

пропускания … через

mechanized setting - механическое

осаждение

depends upon – зависит

revolutions per minute – обороты в минуту

ION EXCHANGE METHODS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Ion exchange is now one of the recognized processes of chemical engineering. It has

been applied to the separation processes

of

quantitative

analysis.

General

Principles.

By ion

exchange

we mean

the

exchange of

ions

of

like

sign

between a solution and a solid insoluble body in contact with it. For such an exchange to be

possible, the solid must contain ions of its own. The solid (called the ion exchanger) must

have an open, permeable molecular structure,

so

that

ions

and

solvent

molecules

can

move

freely

in and out. Many substances, both natural and artificial, have ion exchanging properties.

In analytical work we are primarily interested in the synthetic organic exchangers.

These have a high capacity for holding ions and they are not broken down by acids or alkalies,

they have a relatively simple composition.

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

by "ion exchange" we mean - под

ионным обменом мы подразумеваем

of like sign - одноименные по знаку

for such exchange to be possible – чтобы

осуществить этот обмен

of it own - свои собственные

can move freely in and out - могут свободно

входить и выходить

CHROMATOGRAPHY AND ION EXCHANGE TECHNIQUE

Chromatography

is

a

method

of

chemical

analysis

based upon

the

selective

absorption and partial fractionation of various substances by certain suitable materials. The

method

is simple and requires a minimum of special equipment. The technique

consists

of

pouring a solution through a column containing a suitable adsorbing material. A selective

developing agent

is

then

passed

through

the

column

and

the

different substances

in

the

solution are spread down the column into layers visibly separated from one another, provided

the substances are colored. In the case of colorless substances, the layers

of

the

different

substances may be located by the use of ultra-violet light or by chemical tests.

This method was first described by the Russian botanist Tswett, in 1906. Tswett was

engaged in the extraction and purifictaion of plant pigments.

Methods of chromatography have been applied to the separation of the rare earths and

a

number

of

procedures,

based on chromatography techniques, have been developed for the

separation of the inorganic cations and anions.

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

are spread down … into layers - оседают

пластами

provided - при условии, что

was engaged in - занимался

TEМА №2 - CHROMATOGRAPHY TECHNIQUES

The techniques of carrying out a chromatographic investigation are very simple. The

basic apparatus is the adsorption column. The adsorption column may be constructed of soft

glass or in special cases of quartz. The diameter аnd

length of the column are determined by

t h e

q u a n t i t y

o f

m a t e r i a l

t o

b e

absorbed.

No universal adsorbent has been found. A good adsorbent should satisfy the following

criteria: it should hold relatively large quantities of the materials to be resolved; the resolved

materials must be eluted from the adsorbent by polar solvents; the

size

of

the

particles

of

adsorbent should be such as will allow rapid and uniform percolation; the adsorbents must not

react with either the materials to be resolved nor the materials to be used as solvent or color

developer; the adsorbent should not be porous and should, if possible, be colorless.

The chromatograph is made as follows: a solution of the material to be adsorbed is

poured into the adsorption column and allowed to percolate through the adsorbent. The column

is

washed

with

additional

portions

of

the

original

solvent

from which t h e compound

was

adsorbed. The sides of the column are washed with small portions of the solvent and then larger

quantities are added to the column. The passage of the solvent through

the

column

causes

the

adsorbed

materials

to

move at different rates and thus produce the chromatogram.

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

should be such as will allow - должен

бы быть таким, чтобы позволить

rapid and uniform percolation - быстрое

и равномерное просачивание

PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY, APPLICATIONS AND PROCEDURE

In

paper

chromatography-the

absorption

column

is

replaced by strips of paper. The

absorbent or ion exchanger is precipitated into the pores of the paper. One end of the prepared

paper is dipped into distilled water and allowed to stand until the water has climbed about a

centimeter along the paper. It is then

removed

and

dipped

into

a

solution

of

the

materials

to be separated. After the unknown solution has climbed about 2 cm, the paper is removed from

the

unknown

solution

and returned

to

the

distilled

water.

After

the

water

has

climbed to

about 12 to 16 cm, the strip is removed and dried between filter paper. Brushing the dried paper

strip with the proper developing agent will produce bands similar to those produced in

the

adsorption

column.

Numerous studies have been made of the paper-strip method for

separating

cations,

anions and metal complexes. The procedure is similar to that of column chromatography.

The paper-strip method has the advantage that the developing reagent does not pass

through the adsorbent as it is required in column chromatography. The strip method requires a

minimum

of

test

solution,

about

0.1

mm,

several

developers may

be

applied

to

the

same

strip.

The paper-strip method has been applied to quantitative determination of the inorganic

cations and to many organic materials.

TEМА №3 - GAS ANALYSIS

Special

techniques

are

usually

employed

in

the

analysis of the gases. Since the

analysis of a gas, or gas mixture usually involves the measurement of a volume and only very

rarely the

weighing

of

a

sample,

the

results

are

most

frequently reported

in

per

cent

by

volume

rather

than

per

cent

by weight.

It must be remembered that the volume of a gas is greatly dependent

upon

both

the

temperature

and

the

pressure

and

it is

necessary

to

adjust

each

measurement

to

standard

conditions of temperature and pressure. It is obvious then that

these conditions must remain

constant over the course of the analysis.

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

the results are ... reported in per cent by

volume rather than per cent by weight -

результаты даются в процентах

относительно объема, а не относительно

веса

over the course of the analysis - в течение

всего процесса анализа

SOME PHYSICAL METHODS USED IN GAS ANALYSIS

The relative proportions of various components of gas mixtures can be determined by

merely measuring some physical constants of the mixture: the density, the viscosity, the thermal

conductivity, heat of combustion, ionization potential.

Condensation methods are often applicable in the separation of complex mixtures of

gases.

This

method

has

been applied to the gases of the argon group and of natural gas

mixtures.

The application of the methods of mass spectrometry to gas analysis has been extensive.

The use of a mass spectrometer in analysis enables one to determine the components of mixtures

of hydrocarbons, fuel gases, rare gases, etc.

Thermal

conductivity

applied

to

gas

analysis

is

rapid, simple

to

carry

out

and

adaptable

to

continuous

operation .and process control.

Some attempts to apply the methods of emission and absorption

spectroscopy

to

gas

analysis have been made.

Other

miscellaneous

methods

include

magnetic

susceptibility,

micro-wave

analysis,

acoustical method based on the principle

that

the

velocity

of

sound

in

a

gas

is

a

function

of the molecular weight of the gas, inferometric methods, diffusion methods and others.

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

enables one - обеспечивает

simple to carry out - прост в поизводстве

based on - основан на

TEМА №4 - ANALYSIS OF MIXTURES

Many problems of quantitative chemistry are more complex than determining the amount

of a pure substance or the composition of an aqueous solution of a pure compound. Often the

problem arises simply because the compound or solution has an unknown or complex composition.

There are three fundamental schemes than can be used in the problem at hand.

1.

Phase separation: The metal ion, A, can be determined without interference front B if

we separate A from B. We do this by preparing a two-phase system such that all of A is in one phase

and all of B is in the other phase.

2.

Selective determination: The metal ion, A, can be deter mined in the presence of B if

we can find a determination which is selective toward A, ignoring B.

3.

Combined determination: The two metal ions, A and B, can be determined together.

This type of measurement com bined with another independent measurement gives the amount of

each ion.

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

are more complex than - более сложны чем

the problem at hand - рассматриваемая

проблема

EXTRACTION

Liquid-liquid phase separations are possible when a metal forms a compound soluble in

two immiscible liquids. The distribution of the compound between the two liquids can be con-

sidered

to

be

a

solubility

contest.

Practical

considerations dictate that one of the liquids must

be

water. Among

the

liquids other

contestants

are:

carbon

tetrachloride,

chloroform,

carbon

disulfide, ethers, paraffin hydrocarbons, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Alcohols cannot be added to

this list.

Most inorganic compounds just are not interested in the organic solvents which are

immiscible with water. Sometimes, however, a complexing agent can be found which will coach an

inorganic

substance

into

an

organic

solution.

Cupric,

lead,

zinc,

silver,

mercuric,

and

cadmium salts, for example, will dissolve, in either chloroform or carbon tetrachloride if it con-

tains some dithizone.

PRECIPITATION

The

most

generally

useful

technique

for

accomplishing

a phase

separation

is

the

solid-liquid

separation,

obtained

in a precipitation.

To have wide applicability a precipitant should form compounds with many metal ions,

and these compounds should have a wide range of solubility. To obtain proper conditions, the

concentration of the precipitant should be controlled easilly.

What

sort

of

precipitant

is

most

desirable

depends

upon many variables: how many

samples must be determined, what constituents are present, what reagents are at hand, what time

is available, what accuracy is desired, etc.

ELECTROLYSIS

Another type of solid-liquid phase separation is furnished by electrolytic techniques.

Two electrodes are placed in the solution of interest, and a current is passed through the solu-

tion at a voltage sufficient to reduce some but not all of the metals present. If the current and

concentrations are adjusted properly, the metals which are reduced will plate out on the electrode

in a pure metallic deposit which can be dried and weighed directly.

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

the solution of interest - исследуемый

раствор

will plate out - отлагается

to reduce some but not all - для частичного

удаления

ION EXCHANGE

Another procedure utilizing the elution technique is the ion exchange separation. This

time the solid (which is called the substrate) is a salt or compound with salt-forming capacity,

something like a sulfonic acid group. When a solution containing metal ions is passed through

such

an

acid

substrate, the ions can replace the protons, forming salts. Further elution repeats

many times the cycle of ion exchange, replacement of a proton

by

a

salt

ion,

followed

by

replacement

of

the

metal

ion by

proton.

As

in

chromatography,

the

repetitious

procedure

magnifies

small

differences

in

saltforming

capacity

and

permits

separations

which

are

extremely difficult by any other method.

Ion exchange substrates fall into two groups: cation exchangers and anion exchangers.

Acidic functional groups are

effective as cation exchangers. These groups include sulfonic acids,— SO

3

H; carboxylic

acid,— COOH; phenols or alcohols,— OH;

and

mercaptans,—

SH.

These

interact

only

with

cations and by an exchange reaction of the following sort:

— SO

3

H + M

+

= — SO

2

M + H

+

.

Most anion exchangers are amines, depending upon one of the functional groups — NH

2,

—

NHR, and NR

2

. These groups form ammonium type salts, and the anion can be displaced:

— NH

2

• HC1 + X = — NH

2

• HX + Cl.

NOTES AND COMMENTARY

saltforming capacity - способность

солеобразования

something like - нечто вроде

by any other method - любым другим

методом

fall into two groups - разделяются на две

разные группы

Министерство образования и молодежной политики Ставропольского края

государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

«Невинномысский химический колледж»

Комплект разноуровневых заданий для работы

с грамматическим материалом

по дисциплине Иностранный язык

1 Задания репродуктивного уровня:

Задание 1. Спишите предложения, поставьте глаголы в правильной форме.

Задание 2. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глагол в Past Simple.

Задание 3. Выберите правильную форму страдательного залога

Задание 4. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

Задание 5. Спросите, так ли это.

Задание 6. Выразите несогласие со следующими утверждениями.

Задание 7. Заполните пропуски соответствующими модальными глаголами

Задание 8. Прочтите предложения и переведите подчеркнутые слова.

2 Задания реконструктивного уровня

Задание 1. Составьте предложения из следующих слов:

Задание 2. Переведите предложения и определите залог и время сказуемого.

Задание3. Замените модальные глаголы соответствующими эквивалентами

Задание 4. Поставьте общие вопросы к предложениям:

Задание 5. Поставьте специальные вопросы:

Задание 6. Поставьте альтернативные и разделительные вопросы.

Задание 7. Group the words into pairs of synonyms:

.

Критерии оценки:

- оценка «отлично» выставляется студенту, если студент последовательно, связно излагает

материал, показывает знание и глубокое понимание учебного материала;

делает необходимые выводы; в пределах программы отвечает на поставленные вопросы;

отличная отметка предполагает грамотное, логичное изложение ответа (как в устной, так и в

письменной форме);

- оценка «хорошо» выставляется студенту, если студент усвоил основной материал

программы; ответ, в основном, удовлетворяет установленным требованиям, но при этом

делает несущественные пропуски при изложении фактического материала, содержание и

форма ответа имеют некоторые неточности;

- оценка «удовлетворительно» выставляется студенту, если студент знает и понимает

основной материал программы; материал излагается упрощенно, непоследовательно, с

ошибками и затруднениями;

- оценка «неудовлетворительно» выставляется студенту, если студент имеет разрозненные,

бессистемные знания, допускает ошибки в определении понятий, искажает их смысл,

излагает материал бессистемно, за полное незнание и непонимание учебного материала или

отказ отвечать.

грамматические задания.

I. The Active Voice

Таблица всех временных форм глагола

Exercise 1. Вставьте глаголы start, take, eat, think, sleep, go, like, drink, write, live в нужной

форме.

1. The serial on TV ... every day at 8 p.m.

2. The children ... milk with their meals.

3. Cats usually ... a lot.

4. Julie ... a letter to her mother once a week.

5. Tom and Julie ... in a big city in the centre of the country.

6. Tourists ... to Egypt to see the pyramids.

7. Jimmy always ... the bus to go to school.

8. We all know that children ... sweets.

9. Anne ... it's a good idea to do English exercises.

10. If you want to be healthy, you must... good food.

Exercise 2. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глагол в Past Simple.

1. Yesterday evening I (not go) to the cinema with a friend.

2. He (go) to school last year?

3. Last night the concert (finish) at midnight.

4. The secretary (arrive) at the office this morning before her chief.

5. Tom (not give) a bicycle to his friend.

6. The train was at 8 p.m. so I (leave) home at 7 p.m.

7. Last Sunday was my mother's birthday, so I (make) a cake.

8. I (start) to learn English five years ago.

9. It (begin) to rain in the afternoon.

10. Julie (do) a lot of English exercises last week.

Время

Простое

I n d e f i n i t e

(Simple)

Длительное

Continuous

Завершенное Perfect

Present

Настоящее

I write.

Я

пишу

( в о о б щ е ,

обычно).

I am writing.

Я пишу (сейчас).

I have written.

Я (уже) написал.

Past

Прошедшее

I wrote.

Я (на)писал (вчера).

I was writing.

Я

п и с а л

( в

т о т

момент).

I had written.

Я написал (уже к тому

моменту).

Future

Будущее

I shall/will write.

Я

н а п и ш у,

б у д у

писать (завтра).

I shall/will be writing.

Я буду писать (в тот

момент).

I

shall/will

have

will

ten.

Я напишу (уже к тому

моменту).

Exercise 3. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глагол в Past Simple.

1. We (buy) a new car on Tuesday.

2. Mandy not (do) her homework yesterday.

3. When you (meet) Jane?

4. Why they (go) to London? ,

5. I not (be) ill last month.

6. Where your parents (live) when they (be) young?

7. Jill (be) in London last year.

8. When Fred (give) you this ring?

9. We not (visit) them when they (be) ill.

10. I (read) Hamlet last year.

Exercise 4. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глагол в Present Continuous

1. You (learn) English now.

2. You (not swim) now.

3. I (not stand). I (sit).

4. They (not watch) television. They (read) their books.

5. What you (do)? Why you (not do) your homework?

6. I (not study) to become a dentist. I (study) to become a doctor.

7. I (read) the book Tom Sawyer now.

8. I (not read) any books right now.

9. You (work) at school?

10. I ( meet) some friends after work.

11. I (not go) to the party tonight.

12. He (visit) his parents next weekend.

Exercise 5. Раскройте скобки, выбрав Present Simple или Present Continuous.

1. Every day Julie (take) the bus to go to her office.

2. At the moment you (do) an English exercise.

3. Tom and Julie (learn) English this year.

4. The Bank (open) at 9.30 every morning from Monday to Friday.

5. Our cousins (come) to see us next Sunday.

6. Tom (read) the newspaper every morning on the train.

7. Julie usually (clean) the house on Saturdays.

8. She (write) a letter to a client now.

9. Julie (speak) three languages: English, French and Spanish.

10. Today is Sunday. Tom and Julie (work) in their garden.

11. Yesterday evening I (played) tennis with a friend.

12. I (start) taking tennis lessons last year.

13. When I was at school I (like) history.

14. Five minutes ago I (finish) my homework.

15. Last week I (come) back to Moscow.

Exercise 6. Составьте предложения из следующих слов:

1.

bed cat is hiding the under the;

2.

pupil he is new speaking the to;

3.

.arе crying you why ?

4.

a jacket wearing not I am;

5.

are going now to work you ?

6.

again is my Pamela using textbook ?

7.

the today in helping is house mother Bruce his;

8.

Bruce the at not working factory is;

9.

you are news the watching ?

Exercise 7. Раскройте скобки, выбрав Past Simple или Past Continuous.

1. When her husband (come) home, Anne (watch) television.

2. I (prepare) dinner when the telephone (ring).

3. What you (do) yesterday at 10 p.m.?

4. Julie (learn) to drive when she (work) in London.

5. Where you (sit) when the show (begin)?

6. I (visit) Athens while I (tour) Greece.

7. John (fall) down when he (cross) the street.

8. What you (see) while you (wait) for the bus?

9. Where you (go) when your car (break) down?

10. Julie (meet) Peter when she (walk) in the park.

II. The Passive Voice

Exercise I. Переведите предложения и определите залог и время сказуемого.

1. Не left for Moscow. 2. The news will be of great interest. 3. They were speaking to him. 4. She

studied many subjects. 5. The film was much spoken about. 6. New subjects will be studied next

year. 7. I am working now. 8. The text has been already written by them. 9. He studies at our

college. 10. You are working, aren't you? 11. The text is being translated at the moment. 12. Do you

work at this office? 13. When I saw him, he was going home. 14. They will have passed their exams

by 3 о 'clock. 15. This book was written by our teacher. 16. We shall be writing our tests at 10 о

'clock. 17. The work will have been done when he comes. 18. We translated this text. 19. The letter

had been written before we came. 20. We shall inform you. 21. These toys are made by children. 22.

Does he work here? 23. Is he working now? 24. The conference will be held in May. 25. Rostov

was named after Dmitry Rostovsky. 26. What are you doing here? 27. This must be done at once 28.

You may take my book 29. I am often asked at the lessons by the teacher.

Exercise 2. Переведите и определите залог и время сказуемого.

1. They can be seen in our library every day. 2. The delegation was met at the airport. 3. The

child was often left home alone. 4. These houses were built last year. 5. All letters had been written

when we came. 6. This film is much spoken about. 7. The machine is being tested now. 8. His work

has been already finished. 9. I was told to wait in the reception room. 10. Your letter will have been

answered by Monday.

Exercise 3. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в нужные формы страдательного

залога.

1.

I'm not reading this book today. They (return) to the library. 2. The paintings (exhibit) till

the end of the month. 3. Why your home task (not do)? 4. The patient (take) to the hospital today?

And (operate) tomorrow morning. 5. This room (use) only on special occasions. 6. Bicycles must

not (leave) here. 7. This newspaper (not read) because the pages (not cut). 8. Dictionaries may not

(use) at the examination. 9. Usually the floor (sweep) every day, but it (not sweep) yesterday. 10.

This book (leave) in the classroom yesterday. 11. Thousands of new houses (build) every year. 12.

This room (not use) for a long time. 13. The children (take) to the circus tomorrow.

Exercise 4. Point out the sentence with the. Passive Voice. Translate the sentences into

Russian.

a)

The building is very old. It was built in 1840.

b)

The flat is so nice now. It has been cleaned by somebody.

Exercise 5. Choose the correct form of Passive.

a)

The day before yesterday we … to the restaurant by Tom.

A are invited

B were invited

C invited

b) The letter and the parcel … tomorrow.

A will be post

B will have been posted

C will be posted

c) In Greece the Olympic Games … once in four years.

A were held

B are being held

C are held

d) Mary … to be very industrious person.

A has been known

B is known

C is been known

e) Dad phoned and asked if our luggage …

A was already being packed

B had already been packed

C was packed

Exercise 6. Change Active into Passive.

1. The postman delivers letters. 2. They built this church in 1815. 3. The policeman has arrested

the thief. 4. The Queen will open a new library. 5. He is writing a book. 6. You may open the

window. 7. He must repair the car. 8. Someone is helping her with the homework

Exercise 7. Read and translate the following sentences.

a) They were dressed in grey. – Они были одеты в серое.

1. The house was built last year.

2. The letter was received by them 3. A lot of books were printed last year.

4. These words were taken from the book.

5. He was heard of no more.

6. Her letter was written with a pen.

b) The text was read by them yesterday. Текст читался ими вчера.

1. The child was taken care of.

2. Some noise was heard in the street

3. The book was translated by them.

4. These things were bought there.

Exercise 8. Ask if it is so.

For example: The pen was left on the table some minutes ago – Was the pen left on the table

some minutes ago?

1. Nelly was invited to the cinema last night.

2. A vet was needed on the farm last year.

3. The children were taken care of.

4. The room was aired.

5. The table was cleaned.

6. The books were put in order.

7. The letters were received by them.

8. A bicycle was bought for Mike as a present.

9. The work was quite finished.

10. The doors were shut.

Exercise 9. Disagree with the following statements and add some more information.

For example: These books were printed in London. –These books were not printed in London.

They were printed in Moscow.

1 Boris was asked to come in time

2 The cars were made in Japan.

3. The cup was broken by Jack.

4. Nurses are needed in the hospital.

5. The windows were shut last night.

6. The lorries were made in Nizhny Novgorod.

7. A new yellow dress was bought for Ann.

8. The letters were brought by the postman in time.

9. The children were taken to the theatre.

10. This film was shown last night.

Exercise 10. Choose the correct from of Passive.

1.

This is a large hall. Many parties … here.

a.

are held

b.

are being held

c.

has been held

2.

The Earth

’

s surface … mostly … with water.

a.

is … covered

b.

was … covered

c.

has … been covered

3.

While we were on holiday, our camera … from our hotel room.

a.

was stolen

b.

has been stolen

c.

had been stolen

4.

By whom … the vase? By my grandfather. He made it 20 years ago.

a.

is … made

b.

was … made

c.

has …been made

5.

Hundreds of people … by the new factory this year.

a.

are employed

b.

were employed

c.

have been employed

III. Modal verbs

Exercise1 Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. We have to stay at home. 2. He was allowed to take this book. 3. Who is able to do this

work? 4. He had tо leave for Moscow earlier. 5. We are to take exams in June. 6. Am I allowed to

visit you? 7. They were able to do this work in time. 8. I shall be able to pass my examinations. 9.

She will be allowed to watch TV. 10. I have to come in time. 11. The train is to come soon. 12. Are

you able to drive a car?

Exercise 2 Замените модальные глаголы соответствующими эквивалентами.

1. Не couldn't explain anything. 2. You must not stay here. 3. Can you swim? 4. You may take these

books. 5. They can run quickly. 6. She might work in our room. 7. Who can read this text? 8. They

must go there tomorrow. 9. May I go to the cinema? 10. We must meet at 7 o'clock.

Exercise3. Вставьте необходимые модальные глаголы.

1. I... not go to the theatre with them last night, I... revise the grammar rules and the words for the

test. 2. My friend lives a long way from his office and... get up early. 3. All of us... be in time for

classes. 4. When my friend has his English, he... stay at the office after work. He (not)... stay at the

office on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday and... get home early. 5.... you... work hard to do well in

your English? 6. «... we discuss this question now?» «No, we.... We... do it tomorrow afternoon». 7.

I'm glad you... come. 8. «... you... come and have dinner with us tomorrow? » «I'd love to». 9.

«Please send them this article». «Oh,... I do it now?».

Exercise4. Заполните пропуски соответствующими модальными глаголами.

(must, should, would, ought to, needn't, can, could, may, might)

1.

They... not do this work themselves 2. You... take my dictionary. 3. You don't look well, you...

consult the doctor. 4. Why... I give you my money? 5. She... not speak any foreign language. 6. He...

to help them, they need his help. 7. you tell me the time? 8.... I go with you? No, you.... 9. Your

daughter... have told about it. 10. In winter we... often skate. 11. You... not miss your lessons.

12. ...

you play the piano before?

IV. Типы вопросительных предложений и порядок слов в них

Exercise 1. Поставьте общие вопросы к предложениям:

1. There is a tea-pot on the table. 2. I work from nine to ten. 3. We are leaving for Hamburg next

Saturday. 4. I have been busy the whole evening. 5. My friend studied in Sorbonne when he was

young. 6. It is winter. 7. I can swim in cold water. 8. I had to go there in the daytime. 9. I will show

you how to do it. 10. You must work hard. 11. She didn't play well that evening. 12. I can't read

English authors in the original. 13. I wasn't prepared to this sort of questions.

Exercise 2. Поставьте специальные вопросы:

1. John visited me in the hospital yesterday. 2. A yellow bird fell on the roof of his "pontiac". 3.

I was taken by surprise. 4. Despite the stormy weather he was able to swim to the shore. 5. He

couldn't reach the hammer which lay on the shelf. 6. Our bus was broken into. 7. I have been

cheated by the best friend. 8. A girl from Barbados wrote a letter to BBC. 9. The clock stopped an

hour ago. 10. You have to stop near the traffic lights.

Exercise 3. Поставьте альтернативные и разделительные вопросы.

1. I like my tea with cream. 2. He decided to go to the theatre. 3. John had to walk to the

village. 4. Although the weather was fine they decided to stay at home. 5. Last winter our class

visited Rome. 6. I'm used to drinking a glass of milk before going to bed. 7. We were invited to stay

at the castle for a fortnight. 8. I'm fond of opera. 9. We are going to Moscow with my brother today.

10. If I don't pass the exams I'll try to do it again next time.

V. Wordbuilding

Exercise 1. Read the sentences and give Russian equivalents of the underlined words

with prefixes:

1. I'm afraid you misunderstood what I said. 2. He can displease everyone. 3. People always

misspell her name. 4. He was happy to find an unused copy of the book on the shelf in the library. 5.

The student had to recopy the exercise because he had made too many mistakes. 6. He was

uninterested in the work he had to do. 7. It is incorrect to say that he had no talent. 8. He is in

disagreement with us over our plans. 9. The girl lost her doll and looked very unhappy. 10. Every

year the capital rehouses a lot of families.

Exercise 2: Read the words below and translate them into Russian:

Assistance,

swimming,

reading,

importance,

building,

resistance,

meeting,

entrance,

dependence, running, maintenance, beginning.

Exercise 3: Group the words into pairs of synonyms:

Struggle, session, hotel, construction, large, painting, fight, meeting, inn, building, big,

picture.

Exercise 4: Insert the preposition where necessary.

of (x8), in(x4), with (x4), inside, from(x2), to(x3),

for(x4), into(x2), up(x2), on, instead of, by, after

The body __ the extinguisher consist __ a high – pressure steel bottle, tested __ pressure __

225 kg/sq. sm. __ its top the bottle is provided __ a valve __ a ring. __ the bottle there is a siphon

pipe. __ the valve __ the outlet a rubber hose leads, ending __ a nozzle and a tapering outlet tube. A

handle __ holding the extinguisher and a safety-device built __ the valve make __ the whole

extinguisher. Smaller extinguishers are provided __ a hanger, the larger ones have a flange (base)

pressed __ the bottom part __ placing the extinguisher __ the ground. The automobile-type

extinguishers have __ __ the hose, a stiff metal tube __ a nozzle __ an outlet tube fixed __ the valve

body __ means __ a joint.

The capacity __ the extinguishers is __ 1.5 kg (automobile-type extinguishers) __ 6 kg __

liquid carbon dioxide. If the extinguisher contains

__ more than 80 % __ its charge, it can be used further __ sealing. If more than 20 % __ the

initial filling have been discharged, the extinguisher must be filled __.

Exercise 5:

Translate the sentences. Рay special attention to the adjectives in Comparative and

Superlative degrees.

1. Foam is not as efficient as water in extinguishing class A fires.

2. Water is still the most efficient and the cheapest method of extinguishing fires of general

nature.

3. Chlorine is the most common and most important of the halogens.

4. If the fire is larger than can be extinguished by a hand extinguisher, hose reels are used.

5. This method is as efficient as the one used by the fire department.

6. When the rooms suddenly burst into flames the firefighters were forced to get through the

nearest window to escape.

7. Insulated ceiling and walls conduct less heat, therefore more heat is going back to the

burning room, causing a flashover to occur sooner.

8. The richer is the atmosphere in oxygen the quicker combustion process may occur.

9. The soda – acid extinguisher is no longer in common use.

Exercise 6: Fill in the gaps with the proper form of the adjectives (or the adverb).

1. Vaporizing liquids are ___ (heavy) than most other liquids.

2. Hose lines are of ___ (little) value if they are not advanced to the seat of the fire during the

initial attack.

3. Personal hazards are probably ___ (serious) of all common fire hazards.

4. Despite all technological progress water is still ___ (effective) extinguishing agent for class

A fires.

5. Water is ___ (cheap) and ___ (available) than any other extinguishing agents.

6. If ___ (much) water is applied than required it will bring ___ (much) damage to the

property of the burning room.

7. Potassium and calcium are used in industry but not as ___ (widely) as the light metals.

8. The ___ (great) the molecular velocity, the ___ (high) is the temperature of the body.

9. Being ___ (heavy) than air, carbon dioxide replaces the air above the fire and smothers it.

10. The ___ (good) extinguishing medium, the ___ (quick) can any fire be extinguished.

Тема: The Gerund

Exercise 1. Test

1. My hobby is … . It’s great because … is good for health.

a) dancing/dance

b) dance/dance

c) dancing/dancing

d) to dance/to dance

2. Do you the signboard “NO …”. What on earth do you on the sea?

a) to swim

b) swim

c) in swim

d) swimming

3. Is it worth while … tickets now - one month before a performance - or it’s no use …them in advance?

a) to buy/ to buy

b) buying/buying

c) to buy/buying

d) buying/to buy

4. Do you mind my (me) … here till tomorrow?

a) stay

b) to stay

c) staying

d) stayed

5. Why do you avoid … your husband? Are you going to nodivorce?

a) to meet

b) meet

c) meeting

d) met

6. Did you suggest her … to the museum with you? Yes but she insisted on … at home.

a) going/staying

b) to go/ to stay

c) going/stay

d) go/stay

7. Are they bad at … languages? No, they are good at … languages. They are keen on (увлекаются) …

as well.

a) learn/master/singing

b) to learn/to master/to sing

c) learning/mastering/singing

d) learning/master/singing

8. He abandoned her without … anything. Is she angry with him for … so?

a) saying/doing

b) say/do

c) to say/ to do

d) saying/ done

9. After … in Berlin they made for (направились) the door “EXIT”.

a) arrived

b) arriving

c) to arrive

d) in arrive

10. Are you thinking of … an actor? – No, my father objects to my (me) … an actor.

a) to be/to be

b) be/be

c) being/to be

d) being/being

Ответы:

1. c

2. d

3. b

4. c

5. c

6. a

7. c

8. a

9. b

10. d

Exercise 2. Translate into Russian.

1 . The buyers want to know our terms of payment.

2 . This is for you to decide.

3 . The plan of our work will be discussed at the meeting to be held on May 25.

4 . To walk in the garden was a pleasure.

5 . Jane remembered to have been told a lot about Mr. Smith.

6 . I felt him put his hand on my shoulder.

7 . This writer is said to have written a new novel.

8 . She seems to be having a good time at the seaside.

9 . They watched the boy cross the street.

10 . To advertise in magazines is very expensive.

11 . He proved to be one of the cleverest students at our Institute.

12 . He knew himself to be strong enough to take part in the expedition.

13 . To see is to believe.

14 . He is sure to enjoy himself at the disco.

15 . To tell you the truth, this company has a very stable position in the market.

Exercise 3. Put “to” before the infinitive where it is necessary.

1 . My son asked me … let him … go to the club.

2 . You must make him … practice an hour a day.

3 . She was made … repeat the song.

4 . He is not sure that it can … be done, but he is willing … try.

5 . Let me … help you with your work.

6 . She asked me … read the letter carefully and … write an answer.

7 . You ought … take care of your health.

8 . I looked for the book everywhere but could not … find it.

9 . He was seen … leave the house.

10 . We had … put on our overcoats because it was cold.

11 . The man told me not … walk on the grass.

12 . Have you heard him … play the piano?

13 . You had better … go there at once.

14 . I would rather not … tell them about it.

15 . We shall take a taxi so as not … miss the train.

Exercise 4. Use the appropriate form of the infinitive.

1 . They want (to take) to the concert by their father.

2 . I am glad (to do) all the homework yesterday.

3 . This plant is known (to produce) tractors.

4 . He wants his son (to become) a lawyer.

5 . The enemy army was reported (to overthrow) the defense lines and (to advance) towards the

suburbs of the city.

6 . He seems (to know) French very well: he is said (to spend) his youth in Paris.

7 . You had better (to call) our distributors at once.

8 . We are happy (to invite) to the party.

9 . That firm is reported (to conduct) negotiations for the purchase of sugar.

10 . It seemed (to snow) heavily since early morning: the ground was covered with a deep layer of

snow.

11 . He didn’t hear me (to knock) at the door.

12 . I want (to inform) of her arrival.

13 . Our sportsmen are proud (to win) the cup.

14 . He is known (to work) on the problem for many years.

15 . The representative of the firm asked for the documents (to send) by air mail.

Exercise 5. Put “to” where necessary.

1. I think you ought … apologize.

2. Make him … speak louder.

3. Help me … carry this bag.

4. My son asked me … let him … go to the theatre.

5. I must … go to the country.

6. It cannot … be done to-day.

7. She asked me … read the letter carefully and … write an answer.

8. The man told me not … walk on the grass.

9. Let me … help you with your work.

10. She ought … take care of her health.

11. We had better … stop to rest a little.

12. I don’t know what … do.

13. He was seen … leave the house.

14. We have come … ask whether there is anything we can … do.

15. We heard the siren … sound and saw the ship … move.

16. I cannot … go there now, I have some work … do.

17. During the crossing the passengers felt the ship … toss.

18. You must make him … practice an hour a day.

19. He is not sure that it can … be done, but he is willing … try.

20. I looked for the book everywhere but could not … find it.

21. He said that she might … come in the evening.

22. She was made … repeat the song.

23. Would you rather … learn shorthand than typewriting?

Exercise 6. Translate into Russian.

1. I called every morning to see if there was any news.

2. We stopped to have a smoke.

3. He came here to speak to me, not to you.

4. The car was waiting at the door to take them to the station.

5. To explain the problem he drew diagrams all over the blackboard.

6. The steamship “Minsk” was chartered to carry a cargo of timber from St.Petersburg to Hull.

7. Under clause 35 the charterers were to supply the steamer with icebreaker assistance to enable

her to enter or to leave the port of loading.

8. To meet the increased demand for industrial goods, a great number of new shops have been

opened in the towns.

9. The first lot is ready for shipment, but to economize on freight we have decided to ship it

together with the second lot.

10. Please send us your instructions at once to enable us to ship the machines by the 20th of May.

Exercise 7. Translate into English using the Objective Infinitive Construction (Coplex Object)

where possible.

1. Он хочет, чтобы мы пришли к нему сегодня.

2. Я хотел бы, чтобы вы подождали меня здесь.

3. Он хочет, чтобы его сын стал врачом.

4. Он хочет, чтобы его послали в С.-Петербург на конференцию.

5. Она хочет, чтобы ее пригласили на вечер.

6. Мы не хотели, чтобы нас прерывали.

7. Хотите ли вы, чтобы я вам помог?

8. Я хочу, чтобы его статья была опубликована.

9. Доктор не хочет, чтобы вы ехали на юг.

10. Он хочет, чтобы груз был застрахован.

11. Она не любит, чтобы дети готовили уроки вечером.

12. Она любит, чтобы обед был вовремя.

13. Он не любит, когда его прерывают.

14. Он хочет, чтобы ему задавали вопросы.

Exercise 8. Make infinitives (add “to”) or gerunds (add “-ing”) of the verbs in brackets to

make the following sentences grammatically correct.

1. When I’m tired, I enjoy ... television. It’s relaxing. (watch)

2. It was a nice day, so we decided ... for a walk. (go)

3. It’s a nice day. Does anyone fancy ... for a walk? (go)

4. I’m not in a hurry. I don’t mind ... (wait)

5. They don’t have much money. They can’t afford ... out very often. (go)

6. I wish that dog would stop ... It’s driving me mad. (bark)

7. Our neighbour threatened ... the police if we didn’t stop the noise. (call)

8. We were hungry, so I suggested ... dinner early. (have)

9. Hurry up! I don’t want to risk ... the train. (miss)

10. I’m still looking for a job but I hope ... something soon. (find)

Exercise 9. Complete the following sentences with infinitives (add “to”) or gerunds (add “-

ing”) of the verbs below to make them grammatically correct. answer apply be be listen make

see try use wash work write

1. He tried to avoid ... my question.

2. Could you please stop ... so much noise?

3. I enjoy ... to music.

4. I considered ... for the job but in the end I decided against it.

5. Have you finished ... your hair yet?

6. If you walk into the road without looking, you risk ... knocked down.

7. Jim is 65 but he isn’t going to retire yet. He wants to carry on ....

8. I don’t mind you ... the phone as long as you pay for all your calls.

9. Hello! Fancy ... you here! What a surprise!

10. I’ve put off ... the letter so many times. I really must do it today.

11. What a stupid thing to do! Can you imagine anybody ... so stupid?

12. Sarah gave up ... to find a job in this country and decided to go abroad.

Exercise 10. Make infinitives (with or without “to”) or gerunds (add “-ing”) of the verbs in

brackets to make the following sentences grammatically correct.

1. She doesn’t allow ... in the house. (smoke)

2. I’ve never been to Iceland but I’d like ... there. (go)

3. I’m in a difficult position. What do you advise me ...? (do)

4. She said the letter was personal and wouldn’t let me ...it. (read)

5. We were kept at the police station for two hours and then we were allowed ... (go)

6. Where would you recommend me ... for my holidays? (go)

7. I wouldn’t recommend ... in that restaurant. The food is awful. (eat)

8. The film was very sad. It made me ... (cry)

9. Carol’s parents always encouraged her ... hard at school. (study)

Министерство образования и молодежной политики Ставропольского края

государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

«Невинномысский химический колледж»

Комплект заданий для тестов

по дисциплине Иностранный язык

Задание 1. Откройте скобки и выберите необходимую форму глагола.

Задание 2. Дополните предложения.

Задание 3. Найдите ошибки в следующих предложениях и исправьте их.

Задание 4. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.

Задание 5. Заполните пропуски необходимыми словами.

Задание 6. Подберите к словам в левой колонке соответствующие слова из

правой колонки.

Задание 7.Составьте предложения, используя данные словосочетания.

Задание 8.Используйте may вместо will и произведите необходимые изменения в

предложении.

Критерии оценки:

- оценка «отлично» выставляется студенту, если студент показывает знание и глубокое

понимание учебного материала; процент результативности правильных ответов составляет

90-100%;

- оценка «хорошо» выставляется студенту, если ответ, в основном, удовлетворяет

установленным требованиям, но при этом содержание и форма ответа имеют некоторые

неточности, процент результативности правильных ответов составляет 70-89%;

- оценка «удовлетворительно» выставляется студенту, если материал излагается с ошибками

и затруднениями процент результативности правильных ответов составляет 50-69-%;

- оценка «неудовлетворительно» выставляется студенту, если студент допускает ошибки,

искажает смысл, за полное незнание и непонимание учебного материала, процент

результативности правильных ответов составляет менее 50%.

Тест №1. Тема «Модальные глаголы»

Вариант 1

Fill in the gaps with

a) can

g) don’t have to

b) can’t

h) have to

c) could

i) didn’t have to

d) couldn’t

j) should

e) be able to

k) shouldn’t

f) must

1.

Jane has got two books so she … read any of them.

2.

They didn’t have any shampoo so they … wash their hair.

3.

When the ship disappeared, Mary cried and cried. She … stop crying.

4.

They won’t … to drive a car until they are 18.

5.

When she was a baby, she … only cry.

6.

You can stay out late if you like. You … come home early.

7.

He might … take his younger brother out to football match.

8.

You … think about the future and not about the past.

9.

You … use your energy unless you have to.

10. I think you … have told her you were sorry.

Вариант 2

Fill in the gaps with

a) can

g) don’t have to

b) can’t

h) have to

c) could

i) didn’t have to

d) couldn’t

j) should

e) be able to

k) shouldn’t

f) must

1.

You … enter the club without a card.

2.

In two weeks you … speak another language.

3.

I stepped aside so that she … go in.

4.

The news … be true! I don’t believe you.

5.

As the ship entered the harbor, we … see the Statue of Liberty.

6.

The bus came on time so we … wait long at the bus stop.

7.

Once or twice we lost our way and … ask a policeman for directions.

8.

You … have a visa to travel to some countries.

9.

Books … be returned on or before the date stamped below.

10. Do you know how it … be done?

Тест № 2. Тема “Modal Verbs”

Вариант 1

1 Make up sentences using the given word combinations.

to play badminton, to speak Italian, to visit Granny, to repair the iron, to grow flowers, to build the

house

Model: / couldn't play badminton last year. But I shall be able to do it next year.

II. Use may instead of will. Make the necessary changes.

a) Will you give me your pen, please?

b) Will you show me your collection of stamps?

c) Will you listen to my songs?

d) Will you sell me a magazine?

e) Will you go on reading?

f) Will you come tomorrow?

g) Will you dust the chairs in your room?

III. Complete the dialogues.

a) — May I read this book?

— …The book is interesting.

b) — May I go for a walk?

— …It is raining now.

c) — May I eat the cake?

—… It is made for you.

d) — May I go to swim in the river?

— …The water is rather cold.

e) — Can I help you?

— …You need some help.

f) — Should I cross the street now?

— …The light is green.

Вариант 2

1 Make up sentences using the given word combinations.

to go by ship, to listen to music, to catch a bus, to buy a ticket, to wake up early, to move to a new

flat

Model: / couldn't go by ship last week, but I shall be able to do it next Sunday.

II. Use may instead of will. Make the necessary changes.

a) Will you open the window?

b) Will you take me with you?

c) Will you give me advice?

d) Will you bring me some nuts?

e) Will you answer this question?

f) Will you have another cup of tea?

g) Will you stay in bed till tomorrow?

III. Complete the dialogues.

a) — May I switch on the TV set?

— …The new film is on.

b) — May I play chess with my friend?

— …It's time to go to bed.

c) — May I prepare turkey for supper?

—… It is in the fridge.

d) — May I play the violine here?

— …Your little sister is sleeping in the room.

e) — Can I come to see you today?

— …I am looking forward to your visit.

f) — Should I keep to a diet?

— …You are rather slim.

Тест № 3. Тема “Modal Verbs”

Вариант 1

I. Find the mistake and correct it.

a) I have written a book last year.

b) Look! The vase will fallen down.

с) We have seen this film three times.

d) We was in Paris last year.

e) Jane have worked for a company called KMP many years ago.

f) When did you bought such a nice dress?

g) Yesterday is my day off.

II. Match the lines.

1 blows

а) дует сейчас

2 are blowing

б) дует регулярно

в) дуют сейчас

Вариант 2

I. Find the mistake and correct it.

a) George have gone to work in Spain.

b) When did Mr. Edwards phoned you?

с) I have forgotted her name.

d) She has opened her own shop last month.

e) They already visited many museums.

f) We never were to Paris.

g) Show me the dress which you has made.

II. Match the lines.

1 is sleeping

а) спят обычно

2 sleep

б) спит сейчас

в) спят сейчас

Тест № 4. Тема “Modal Verbs”

Вариант 1

I. Answer the questions.

a) Do you have to get up early?

__________________________________________________

b) Must you translate all these letters today?

__________________________________________________

c) What can we hear on the radio?

__________________________________________________

d) How well can you ski?

__________________________________________________

e) Are you able to walk 50 kilometers a day?

__________________________________________________

f) Where could you not go yesterday?

__________________________________________________

g) When should you cross the street?

__________________________________________________

h) Should you go to bed late at night?

__________________________________________________

I) Could you speak English last year?

__________________________________________________

II. Choose the correct variant.

a) … you tell me the way to the nearest post-office?

A. may

B. can

C. must

D. have to

b) You … take a bus to get to the museum.

A. must

B. have to

C. may

D. can

c) All of us … be in time for classes.

A. can

B. may

C. must

D. could

d) Children … not play with matches.

A. could

B. can

C. may

D. should

e) I wanted to go to the swimming pool too, but I … not.

A. may

B. must

C. could

D. have to

Вариант - 2

I. Answer the questions.

a) Why did you have to stay at home?

__________________________________________________

b) Must you be in town all the summer?

__________________________________________________

c) Who can play the piano in your family?

__________________________________________________

d) Can your little brother read?

__________________________________________________

e) Are you able to sleep all day long?

__________________________________________________

f) What English newspapers could you receive last year?

__________________________________________________

g) Should you keep to a fruit diet?

_________________________________________________

h) You must lock after your peps, mustn’t you?

__________________________________________________

i) Where can you ride a bicycle?

__________________________________________________

II. Choose the correct variant.

a) … I use your telephone?

A. must

B. have to

C. may

D. could

b) I … not go to the theater with them last night.

A. must

B. could

C. have to

D. may

c) Why did you … leave our town?

A. should

B. can

C. may

D. have to

d) You take my book if you like it?

A. could

B. must

C. may

D. have to

e) Take an umbrella, it … rain?

A. have to

B. must

C. could

D. may

Тест №5. Тема «Предлоги»

Вариант 1

Fill in the gaps with prepositions.

1.

The banks close … 7 o’clock … the evening.

2.

He usually leaves home early … the morning and comes back late … night.

3.

He became famous only … his death.

4.

The play begins … half past seven.

5.

We arrived … London … the 13

th

… April and left … Oxford only in June.

6.

Shakespeare died … 1616.

7.

Bye, see you …Tuesday!

8.

Alice goes to the swimming-pool … every Saturday.

9.

Bob is going to play tennis … next Sunday.

10.

They got that flat 12 years … .

11.

Вариант 2

Fill in the gaps with prepositions.

1.

… last summer we spent our holiday in France.

2.

She lived in that house … 2001 … 2010.

3.

Mrs. Jackson lived in England …3 years.

4.

Chris has gone, but he’ll return …

5.

The train starts … 8.50,so you’d better be … the station …time.

6.

I hope you feel better … the time you get this letter.

7.

I haven’t seen her … Monday.

8.

She got married … the age 19.

9.

I’m going to visit my friends … the … September.

10.

Mary phoned him two days … .

Тест №6. Тема «Фразовые глаголы»

Вариант 1

Expressions with look, take. Fill in the phrasal verbs in the correct form.

a)to look to f) after

b) to look through g) easy

c) to look for h) in

d) to look into j) away

e) to look up to

k) back

1. The police … the past record of the suspect.

2. I look … the drawer to see if I could find my keys.

3. The house … the south.

4. We have always … our parents.

5. Could you help me to … my glasses?

6. He takes … his father; he has the same wavy hair and quick temper.

7. You’ll be much happier if you learn to take life … .

8. I listened to the speech carefully, but still I could not take it all … .

9. These books are for reading in the library, and may not be taken … .

10. If you are not satisfied with the goods, you may take them … to our shop.

Вариант 2

Expressions with look, take. Fill in the phrasal verbs in the correct form.

a) to look at

f) out

b)to look down on

g) up

c) to look after

h) down

d) to look out

j) aboard

e) to look forward

k) apart

1. We are … seeing them again.

2. Why is it wrong to … those who are less fortunate than ourselves?

3. I like to walk out and … the stars at night.

4. … for the cars turning in your direction.

5. Who is going to …your correspondence while you are away?

6. Every night Jack takes his dog … for a walk.

7. When did you first take … music?

8. I must warn you that anything you say may be taken … and repeated in court.

9. No dangerous explosives may be taken … .

10. The plane took … so smoothly that we could hardly feel it.

Тест №7 Тема «Passive voice»

I. Choose the variant that can’t be used the sentences.

1. These plants … three times a week.

a) you should water

b) can be watered

c) should be watered

2. You … many questions.

a) won’t be asked

b) didn’t be asked

c) weren’t asked

3. As he behaves badly, he … .

a) must be punished

b) will be punished

c) was punished

4. The logs … too long for our fireplace.

a) were cut

b) have to be cut

c) have been cut

5. He … in the battle.

a) won’t have been hurt

b) may have been hurt

c) can’t have been hurt

6. The book … everywhere.

a) is looked for

c) must be looked

c) has been looked for

7. He … at.

a) is often laughed

b) is usual laughed

c) is never laughed

8. She … with the housework.

a) is being helped

b) has been helped

c) won’t been helped

9. The fence … .

a) had be painted

b) could be painted

c) might have been painted

10. She … the best actress of the year.

a) will be chosen as

b) will choose

c) will be being chosen as

Тест №8 Тема «Passive voice»

Вариант 1

Choose the correct grammar form to translate a predicate.

1. Этот дом был построен в прошлом году.

a) was being built

b) has been built

c) was built

2. Сейчас здесь строится новый супермаркет.

a) is being built

b) is building

c) is built

3. На этой неделе преподаватель объяснил (преподавателем был объяснен) новый материал.

a) had been explained

b) was explained

c) has been explained

4. Новое здание института уже построили, когда я поступила на юридический факультет.

a) was built

b) has been built

c) had been built

5. Студентов экзаменуют два раза в год.

a) are being examined

b) is examined

c) are examined

6. « Вы были невнимательны, когда объяснялось это правило», - сказал преподаватель.

a) was explained

b) had been explained

c) was being explained

7. Цветы уже политы.

a) are watered

b) have been watered

c) were watered

Вариант 2

Choose the correct grammar form to translate a predicate.

1. Такие столы делают из дорогого дерева.

a) are being made

b) have been made

c) are made

2. Этот фильм никогда не показывали по телевизору.

a) has never been shown

b) was never shown

c) had never been shown

3. Мою квартиру отремонтируют к субботе.

a) will be repaired

b) will have been repaired

c) is being repaired

4. Списки все еще печатаются.

a) are typed

b) are being typed

c) have been typed

5. Их еще не пригласили.

a) were not invited

b) had not been invited

c) have not been invited

6. Вам сообщат об этом завтра.

a) will be informed

b) will have been informed

c) are informed

7. Когда я вошел, обсуждение было прервано.

a) had been interrupted

b) was interrupted

c) has been interrupted

Тест №9 Тема «Passive voice»

Вариант 1

I.

Point out the sentence with the Passive Voice. Translate the sentences into Russian.

a)

A new school was built in our street not long ago.

b) Careless drivers cause many accidents on the roads.

II. Choose the correct form of Passive

1)

This is a large hall. Many parties … here.

a)

are held

b)

are being held

c)

has been held

2)

The Earth’s surface … mostly … with water.

a)

is … covered

b)

was … covered

c)

has… been covered

3)

While we were on holiday, our camera … from our hotel room.

a)

was stolen

b)

has been stolen

c)

had been stolen

4)

– By whom … the vase …? - By my grandfather. He made it 20 years ago.

a)

is… made

b)

was … made

c)

has … been made

5)

Hundreds of people … by the new factory this year.

a)

are employed

b)

were employed

c)

have been employed

Вариант 2

I. Point out the sentence with the Passive Voice. Translate the sentences into Russian.

a)

The building is very old. It was built in 1840.

b)

The flat is so nice now. It has been cleaned by somebody.

II.

Choose the correct form of Passive.

1)

The day before yesterday we … to the restaurant by Tom.

a) are invited

b) were invited

c) invited

2)

The letter and the parcel … tomorrow.

a)

will be post

b)

will have been posted

c)

will be posted

3)

In Greece the Olympic Games … once in four years.

a)

Were held

b)

are being held

c)

are held

4)

Mary … to be a very industrious person.

a)

has been known

b)

is known

c)

is been known

5)

Dad phoned and asked if our luggage …

a)

was already being packed

b)

had already been packed

c)

was packed

Тест №10 Тема «Tag-questions»

Вариант 1

Choose the correct variant

1. He can play golf well,…?

a) doesn’t he?

b) can he?

c) can’t he?

2. You are the new secretary, …?

a) aren’t you

b) are you?

c) don’t you?

3. Mr. Evans is speaking over the phone, …?

a) is he?

b) isn’t he?

c) doesn’t he?

4. You like black coffee, …?

a) aren’t you?

b) don’t you?

c) do you?

5. I’m busy, …?

a) aren’t I?

b) don’t I?

c) am not I?

6. You aren’t well enough. You should stay with either me or your son,… ?

a) should you?

b) shouldn’t you?

c) are you?

7. I’m not ill, …?

a) are I

b) am I?

c) are you?

8. It’s a nice day,...?

a) does it?

b) is it?

c) isn’t it?

9. There isn’t a cloud in the sky, …?

a) is it?

b) does it?

c) is there?

10. We haven’t got much time, …?

a) do we?

b) don’t we7

c) haven’t we?

Вариант 2 Choose the correct variant

1. Sam doesn’t work hard, …?

a) is he?

b) does he?

c) isn’t he?

2. There are a lot of photos in the album, … .

a) aren’t they?

b) aren’t there?

c) are there?

3. There was nobody there, …?

a) was there?

b) wasn’t there?

c) were there?

4. They have classes at 9 every day, …?

a) aren’t they?

b) don’t they?

c) have they?

5. He translates a lot of letters into English, …?

a) doesn’t he?

b) is he?

c) don’t he?

6. My children are at college,…?

a) are you?

b) aren’t they?

c) do they?

7. Little children like to ask many questions,…?

a) do they?

b) don’t they?

c) are they?

8. She can play the guitar very well,…?

a) can’t she?

b) can she?

c) does she?

9. He watches TV every day,...?

a) does he?

b) doesn’t he?

c) can he?

10. My brother likes skating,…?

a) is he?

b) doesn’t he?

c) does he?

Тест №11 Тема «Типы вопросов»

Form the questions.

1.

It’s my mother’s birthday next week.

a)

Who

b)Whose

c)Whom

2.

My best friend Jeff lives in Walton Street.

a)

Whom

b) Whose

c) Who

3.

Mrs. Laura is in her office.

a)

When

b) Where

c) How

4.

I have got two bottles of lemonade at home.

a)

How many

b) How much

c) What

5.

Mr. Williams usually walks his dog early in the morning.

a)

Where

b) When

c) How often

6.

You have got a great collection of coins. … coin do you like?

a)

What

b) Which

c) Whose

7.

… doesn’t your dad use a dictionary when he translates from Russian into English?

a)

How

b) What

c) why

8.

I see a pretty little girl in the yard.

a)

Who

b) What

c) which

9.

… is the weather like today?

a)

What

b) How

c) Which

10.

…does Eddy do for a living? – He is a travel agent.

a)

How

b) Where

c) what

11.

…money do you want?

a)

How many

b) How much

c) Which

12.

… is the cheapest way to get to London: by plane or by train?

a)

What

b) How

c) Which

Тест №12-Тема “English Tenses”

Вариант 1

I. Put verbs in the correct form: Present/Past Simple/Continuous

1. Tom usually (play) football but today he (play) tennis. 2. What language they (speak) in Holland?

What language he (speak) now. 3. The professor (speak) foreign languages. Right now he (speak)

Dutch.4.My friend always (tell) me the truth, but I see that she (tell) a lie now. 5. I usually (drive) to

my work. Be careful! You (drive) too fast. 6. She, as a rule,(wear) smart hats. But today she (wear)

a funny-looking one. 7. I (do) a lot of work every day. Don’t worry! I (know) what I (do). 8. Every

summer he (watch) birds in the forest. Be quiet, the photographer (watch) that bird. He (want) to

take a picture. 9. You (eat) fruit every day? What is the name of the fruit you (eat) with such

pleasure? 10. You (remember) where he (work)!

Вариант 2

I. Put verbs in the correct form Present/Past Simple/Continuous

1. She (not understand) what the teacher (explain).

2. She (say) now she (love) him very much.

3. I (not recognize) the man who (give) a talk.

4. You usually (not drink) coffee at this time. What is that you (drink) now?

5. I (feel) Nick (want) to know where you (live) now.

6. I (sit) on the bench for half an hour and then (begin) reading a book.

7. You (see) him this morning? – Yes. He (stand) in the hall laughing.

8. He (come) in and (see) Nelly who (draw) a strange picture.

9. I (not understand) what Mr. Green (do).

10. Nick and Fred (drive) along the road.

Тема: Education

1 – вариант

Choose the correct answer

1.

All British children go to school at the age of:

a. 6 b. 5 c.7

2.

Children who go to grammar school learn:

a.

academic subjects b. a trade с. commercial courses

3.

The schools that combine all types of secondary education are:

a.

modern b. comprehensive с grammar d. technical

4.

In boarding schools students:

a. get a profession b. pay money с live all the time

5. British students take final examinations at the age of …

a. 15 b.20 с 17-18

6. A program for undergraduates in an American college takes:

a. 6 years b. 3 years с 4 years

7.

A private American university gets money from…

a. public sources b. private sources с private and public sources

8.

American college students get:

a. a professional degree b. a graduate degree с a bachelor's degree

9.

American students learn carpentry, construction, electronics in:

a. community college b. university с professional school

10. The program in a community college lasts:

a. 5 years b. 6 month с 4 years d. 2 years

2 – вариант

Choose the correct answer

1.

Elementary and secondary schools in the USA consist of:

a. 11 grades b. 10 grades с 12 grades

2.

Schools in the USA have

a. a uniform system b. a uniform curriculum с neither a uniform school system nor a uniform

curriculum

3.

Secondary education in the USA is offered at:

a. higher schools b. junior schools с high schools d. upper grades

4.

Classes in the USA meet:

a. 10 month a year & 6 days a week b. 9 month a year & 6 days a week с 10 month a year & 5

days a week

5.

At the age of 14 American students go to:

a. elementary school b. junior high school с higher school

6.

The type of Oxford University is:

a. old b. new с the 19

th

century university

7.

University students in Great Britain may receive grants from:

a. parents b. universities с local education authorities

8.

Match a, b, с and 1, 2,3.

a. most university courses b. medicine courses с language courses 1. 5-7 years 2. 3 years 3. 4

years

9.

Most university students in Great Britain live:

a. at home b. in hotels с in halls of residence

10. Full course of study in British Universities offer

a. professional degree b. Bachelor's degree с master's degree

Министерство образования и молодежной политики Ставропольского края

государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

«Невинномысский химический колледж»

Комплект заданий для контрольных работ

(Рубежный контроль-октябрь, март)

(Контрольные работы-1,2 семестр)

по дисциплине Иностранный язык

Критерии оценки:

- оценка «отлично» выставляется студенту, если студент последовательно, связно излагает

материал, показывает знание и глубокое понимание учебного материала; делает необходимые

выводы;

отличная

отметка

предполагает

грамотное,

логичное

изложение

ответа

в

письменной форме;

-

оценка

«хорошо»

выставляется

студенту,

если

студент

усвоил

основной

материал

программы, но при этом делает несущественные пропуски при изложении фактического

материала, содержание и форма работы имеют некоторые неточности;

-

оценка

«удовлетворительно»

выставляется

студенту,

если

студент

знает

и

понимает

основной

материал

программы;

материал

излагается

упрощенно,

непоследовательно,

с

ошибками и затруднениями;

- оценка «неудовлетворительно» выставляется студенту, если студент имеет разрозненные,

бессистемные

знания,

допускает

ошибки

в

определении

понятий,

искажает

их

смысл,

излагает материал бессистемно, за полное незнание и непонимание учебного материала.

2 курс

Рубежный контроль – октябрь

Тема: Формы времени английского глагола. Фразовые глаголы.

Вариант 1

Задание 1. Вставьте глаголы start, sleep, drink, write, live в нужной форме:

1. The serial on TV ... every day at 8 p.m.

2. The children ... milk with their meals.

3. Cats usually ... a lot.

4. Julie ... a letter to her mother once a week.

5. Tom and Julie ... in a big city in the centre of the country.

Задание 2. Переведите предложения с фразовыми глаголами:

1. I'm looking for my book.

2. We turned off the lights.

3. They picked up the flowers in the field.

4. It was so hot that I had to take off my shirt.

5. My mother promised to look after my dog.

Задание 3. Подберите ответы к следующим вопросам.

1. Where does your sister work?

A) At half past four.

2. Are they writing a letter?

B) No, I am having dinner

3. When does Joe go home?

C) No, they are sleeping

4. Are you watching TV?

D) She works at home.

Вариант 2

Задание 1. Вставьте глаголы take, eat, think, go, like, в нужной форме:

1. Tourists ... to Egypt to see the pyramids.

2. Jimmy always ... the bus to go to school.

3. We all know that children ... sweets.

4. Anne ... it's a good idea to do English exercises.

5. If you want to be healthy, you must... good food.

Задание 2. Переведите предложения с фразовыми глаголами:

1. I always look forward to the holidays.

2. What are you looking for?

3. My elder sister took care of me.

4. The sportsman tried to keep on running after he fell down.

5. My sister found out that her letter was not sent.

Задание 3. Подберите ответы к следующим вопросам.

What are you doing?

A) No, I get up at nine.

Do you get up at ten?

B) She is going home.

Where is Jane going?

C) No, he works in the afternoon,

Does he work at night?

D) I am going home

Рубежный контроль – март

Тема: Книги в нашей жизни. Модальные глаголы.

Вариант 1

Задание 1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

Many, many years ago a town crier ran through the streets and shouted out all the news. But now

we live in the Atomic Age. Too many things happen too quickly for us to learn about them in the

old-fashioned way. That is why we have to read more and more in order to find out what is

happening in the world. Reading is rarely a waste of time. Have you ever thought about the kind of

books people used long ago? It is only in the last 500 years that books have been printed on paper.

Before that time the only way of making books was to write them out by hand. No one knows when

writing first began, but we have found drawings on the walls of caves and scratching on bones

which are at least 25,000 years old. The invention of paper played a very important part in the

development of books. In the ll-th century the art of papermaking reached Europe but no trace of

printing was found in Europe until 1423. It is known that Johann Gutenberg secretly tried out ways

of printing in Strasbourg, Germany, in 1440.

Questions:

1. Why do we have to read more and more?

2. What was the only way of making books 500 yeas ago?

3. What played a very important part in the development of books?

Задание 2. Заполните пропуски нужными модальными глаголами: must, will be allowed, could,

may, should, can.

1. He … to use the dictionary at exam tomorrow.

2. … I clean the room? – No, you needn’t.

3. Nobody … translate this text.

4. … I help you? – Yes, you may.

5. You … take an umbrella.

6. He … speak several foreign languages.

Задание 3. Задайте все возможные вопросы к данному предложению.

She can look after her little sister.

Вариант 2

Задание 1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

The knowledge of the methods of printing spread so quickly over the Continent of Europe that by

the year 1487 nearly every country had started printing books. Later people began to learn how to

make paper more quickly and cheaply and of better quality. As a result of this, books became much

lighter and smaller. The first person to print books in the English language was William Caxton, in

Russia — Ivan Fedorov. The first book printed in the Russian language appeared in Moscow on the

first of March, 1564. Up to that time there were only handwritten books in Russia. The house built

for printing books was not far from the Kremlin. At that time it was one of the best buildings in the

Russian capital. Ivan Fedorov and his assistants were the first to use Russian letters. By the 16th

century books looked very much as they do today and since then very little change has been made

in their appearance.

Questions:

1. When did the methods of printing reach Europe?

2. What did people begin to learn later?

3. Who was the first to print books in the Russian language?

Задание 2. Заполните пропуски нужными модальными глаголами: should,

can’t,

must,

may,

could, had to.

1. They … do this work themselves.

2. You don’t look well, you … consult the doctor.

3. May I leave for a while? – Yes you … .

4. The students … attend this meeting.

5. He … explain his action yesterday.

6. It was so cold yesterday that I … put on my warm coat.

Задание 3. Задайте все возможные вопросы к данному предложению:

You should go to bed early tonight.

Контрольная работа.

Семестр 1

Вариант-1

I.

Read and translate the text:

Industry of the UK.

In the past English industrial prosperity rested on a few important products, such as textiles, coal

and heavy machinery. Now the UK has a great variety of industries, for example heavy and light

industry, chemical, aircraft, electrical, automobile and many other industries. The United Kingdom

is considered one of the world's major manufacturing nations. Now high technology industries are

more developed than heavy engineering. Heavy engineering and other traditional industries have

experienced a certain decline. Certain areas are traditionally noted for various types of industries.

For instance, Newcastle is famous for coal industry, the county of Lancashire for its textile industry.

The Midlands, or the central counties of England, are famous for the production of machinery, coal,

motor cars and chemicals. In recent times regional industrial distinctions have become less clear as

more and more new factories are built in the different parts of the country.

II.

Find the answers to the following questions in the text:

1.

What industries were developed in England in the past?

2.

What industries are developed in the UK at present?

3.

Are high technology industries now developed more than heavy engineering?

III.Find the English equivalents in the text:

1.

Сейчас в Англии развиты различные отрасли промышленности.

2.

Англия считается одной из основных промышленно развитых стран.

1.

Некоторые районы традиционно славятся той или иной отраслью промышленности.

IV. Match the geographical names and industries:

1.Newcastle

2 The Midlands

3.The County of Lancashire

a) production of machinery

b)textile industry

c)coal industry

V. Choose the right forms of the verb to be: am, is, are, was, were.

1. I can’t go with you. I …going to visit my grandparents.

2. My sister … going to enter this college.

3. … you going to answer all these questions?

4. Mike … going to talk with our form teacher yesterday.

5. The Titanic …going to be shown at the weekend.

VI. Use the Passive Voice in the following sentences.

1. Papers (deliver) usually at 8 in the morning.

2. Dresses (make) preferably of cotton in hot countries.

3. This wonderful costume (make) specially for this performance now.

4. Tea (lay) usually on the balcony in fine weather.

5. What language (speak) in this room now?

Вариант

2

I.

Read and translate the text:

Cities and Agriculture of the. UK.

Speaking about the cities of United Kingdom the first mention should be made of London, the

capital of the UK. It is a big port on the River Thames, a major commercial, industrial- centre.

Leeds is a centre of clothing industry producing woolen articles. Glasgow is a major port on the

River Clyde where shipbuilding industry is developed. Liverpool on the River Mersey is a flour

milling and engineering centre. Birmingham is an iron and steel centre. Manchester is famous for

textile's manufacturing.

Three-quarters of the United Kingdom's land is dedicated to agriculture. About two per cent of the

population of the United Kingdom are engaged in agriculture, but the yields of English farms and

pastures are very high. Wheat, barley, oats and potatoes are the most important crops grown. Sheep,

cattle and pigs are the most numerous types of livestock.

Sheep is a source of both wool for textile industry and mutton for food industry. Mutton is

the best liked English meat.

II.

Find the answers to the following questions in the text.

1. How much land is dedicated to agriculture?

2. How many people are engaged in agriculture?

3. What are the most popular types of livestock in the UK.

III.

Find the English equivalents in the text.

1 .Первым следует назвать Лондон.

2.Урожаи на английских фермах и пастбищах очень высокие.

3. Баранина - наиболее любимый вид мяса для англичан.

IV.

Match the geographical names and industries.

1.Manchester

a)shipbuilding industry

2. Glasgow

b)clothing industry

3. Leeds

c)textile manufacturing

V. Choose the write forms of the verb to be: is, were, are, am, was.

1. They … going to translate the article last week.

2. What … you going to do in this situation?

3. Take an umbrella with you. It … going to rain.

4. I … not going to tell this story to you.

5. They … to meet in two years ago.

VI. Use the Passive Voice in the following sentences.

1. What language (speak) all over the world?

2. The old motorway (use) by many people.

3. Our luggage (examine) at the Customs now.

4. All the contracts (sign) by the President.

5. Lots of people (operate on) in this clinic.

Контрольная работа.

Семестр 2

Вариант-1

I. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы письменно:

Canada's history is an exciting story of development of a vast wilderness into a great nation. Most

experts believe that the first people who lived on this land came from Asia about 15000 years ago.

They came over a land bridge that once connected Asia and North America. Their descendants are

known today as Indians. The ancestors of the Eskimos came to Alaska after them probably about

5000 years ago. In 1497, John Cabot, an Italian navigator in the service of England, found rich

fishing grounds off Canada's southeast coast. His discovery led to the European exploration of

Canada. France set up a colony in eastern Canada in the early 1600's. Great Britain gained control

of the country in 1763, and thousands of British emigrants came to Canada. In 1867, the French and

English-speaking Canadians helped to create a united colony called the Dominion of Canada. local

needs over national interests.

Questions:

1. Who were the first people to live in Canada?

2. How did they come to Canada?

3. What countries took part in exploration of Canada?

II. Выберите словосочетания, которые относятся к тексту:

II. Выберите словосочетания, которые относятся к тексту: To set up a colony, the

development of a large wilderness, the land of Blue Mountains, they came to Canada, the

population is over 150 million people, the coast of Europe, in the early 1500’s, local needs, the

Russian emigrants, English-speaking Canadians.

III. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в нужное время.

1. She (come) from England already.

2. Mike (play) tennis once a week.

3. Her parents (live) in London last year.

4. Yesterday evening I (talk) to my brother.

5. Next month they (go) for their holidays to Sochi.

6. My sister (read) the book Tom Sawyer now.

7. He (do) his work by 10 o’clock yesterday.

IV. Подчеркните суффиксы и переведите слова на русский язык:

development, wilderness, navigator, discovery, national, exploration, emigrant.

Контрольная работа.

Семестр 2

Вариант-2

I. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы письменно:

Two groups worked together to settle the country and to develop its great mineral deposits and other

natural resources. Canada gained its independence from Britain in 1931. During the middle of 20th

century hard-working Canadians turned their country into an economic giant. Today Canada is a

leading

producer

of

wheat,

oats,

and

barley.

Canada

also

ranks

among

the

world's

top

manufacturing countries, and it is a major producer of electric power. Throughout its history,

Canada has often been troubled by lack of unity among its people. French Canadians, most of

whom live in the province of Quebec, have struggled to preserve their own culture. They have long

been angered by Canadian policies based on British traditions. Many of them support a movement

to make Quebec a separate nation. People in Canada's nine other provinces also frequently favors

local needs over national interests.

Questions:

1. When did Canada gain it's independence?

2. Is Canada a developed country now?

3. What problems does Canada face today?

II. Выберите словосочетания, которые относятся к тексту: To develop mineral deposits,

natural resources, the center of the world, is separated from the continent, a main producer, 10

provinces, lack of unity, occupies the territory, among nations, national culture.

III. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в нужное время.

1. Our son (learn) how to read recently.

2. He (know) several foreign languages.

3. I (work) abroad next year.

4. She (not like) loud music.

5. What you (do) now?

6. John (book) a double room yesterday.

7. They (write) a test at 9o’clock tomorrow.

IV. Подчеркните суффиксы и переведите слова на русский язык:

natural, economic, independence, producer, movement, scientist, beautiful.

3 курс

Рубежный контроль – октябрь

Вариант I

I. Определите, к какой части речи относятся эти слова и от каких слов они образованы.

Дайте перевод.

Lawless, carefully, criminal, scientific, homeless, reliable, enforcement, examination.

II. Восстановите прямую речь в следующих предложениях и переведите их:

1. He told me he had read “Dombey and Son” the year before.

2. She asked me to buy some bread on my way home.

3. Mike asked me if I had read “Robinson Crusoe” by Daniel Defoe.

4. The teacher said that the pupils would read the text the next day.

5. The teacher asked who was ill.

6. Mother told me not to be late for dinner.

III. Употребите следующие предложения как придаточные дополнительные, в роли

главных используя предложения, данные в скобках. Соблюдайте правила согласования

времён. Предложения переведите.

1.

Her friend will come to see her. (She hoped).

2.

Father has repaired his bicycle. (He thought).

3.

He is painting a new picture. (We heard).

4.

He doesn’t know English at all. (I found out).

5.

My friend has never been to London. (I knew).

6.

Our team will win the game. (We were sure).

IV. Переведите письменно текст:

Antoine Lavoisier.

Antoine Laurent Lavoisier is a French chemist, was the founder of modern chemistry.

Lavoisier carefully measured the weights of substances involved in chemical reactions. In

1772 he began a series of experiments that demonstrated the nature of combustion. He concluded

that combustion results from the union of a flammable material with a newly discovered gas, which

he called oxygen. Lavoisier published his findings in his Elementary Treatise on Chemistry (1789).

With French astronomer and mathematician Pierre Simon Laplace, Lavoisier conducted

experiments on respiration in animals. Their studies demonstrated a similarity between common

chemical reactions and the processes that occur in living organisms. These experiments provided

the foundation for the science now known as biochemistry. Lavoisier also helped to develop a

system for naming chemical substances based on their composition. This system is still in use.

Lavoisier was born in Paris. He received an excellent education and developed an interest

in all branches of science, especially chemistry. He was elected to the French Academy of Sciences

in 1768.

Lavoisier was arrested in 1793 by the leaders of the French Revolution. Many years

earlier, he had become a partner in a firm that collected a number of taxes for the government. In

spite of his achievements, Lavoisier was found guilty of conspiracy with the enemies of France

because of his involvement in tax collection. He was executed by guillotine.

V. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1.

What famous scientist did Lavoisier work with?

2.

What experiments did they conduct?

3.

The foundation of what science did their experiments provide?

4.

Why was he arrested?

5.

What series of experiments did Lavoisier begin in 1772?

Вариант II

I. Определите, к какой части речи относятся эти слова и от каких слов они образованы.

Дайте перевод.

Revolution, softness, freedom, homeless, silence, teacher, difficulty, famous

II. Передайте высказывания в косвенной речи и переведите их на русский язык:

1. The manager said to the interviewer: “I can only give you preliminary figures.”

2. The air hostess says: “The plane is landing”.

3. The manager said to his colleagues: “We must look for new outlets for our goods.”

4. He asked the boy: “What are you looking for?”

5. She asked me: “Are you hungry?”

III. Употребите следующие предложения как придаточные дополнительные, в роли

главных используя предложения, данные в скобках. Соблюдайте правила согласования

времён. Предложения переведите.

1. He is a very talented singer. (We knew).

2. He is writing a new article. (We heard).

3. The students are writing a test. (She thought).

4. Her parents will come soon. (She hoped).

5. He works at his English hard. (I knew).

6. Everything will be all right. (I hope).

IV. Переведите письменно текст:

Alfred Nobel.

Alfred Bernard Nobel, a Swedish chemist, invented dynamite and founded the Nobel Prizes. As a

young man, Nobel experimented with nitroglycerin in his father’s factory. He hoped to make this

dangerous substance into a safe and useful explosive. He prepared a nitroglycerin explosive, but so

many accidents occurred when it was put on the market that for a number of years many people

considered Nobel almost a public enemy.

Finally in 1867 Nobel combined niter with an absorbent substance. This explosive could be handled

and shipped safely. Nobel named it dynamite. Within a few years he became one of the world’s

richest men. He set up factories throughout the world and bought the large Bofors armament plant

in Sweden. He worked on synthetic rubber, artificial silk and many other products.

Nobel was never in good health. In later years he became increasingly ill and nervous. He suffered

from a feeling of guilt at having created a substance that caused so much death and injury. He hated

the thought that dynamite could be used in war when he had invented it for peace. Nobel set up a

fund of about 9 million U.S. dollars. The interest from the fund was to be used to award annual

prizes, one of which was for the most effective work in promoting international peace.

Alfred Nobel was born on October, 21, 1833 in Stockholm. He was the son of an inventor. He was

educated in St. Petersburg, Russia, and later studied engineering in the United States.

V. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1.

Who was Nobel’s father?

2.

What was Nobel’s chief invention?

3.

Why did people consider him a public enemy for a number of years?

4.

What kind of Prizes did he set up?

5.

What was the interest from these fund?

Рубежный контроль – март

Вариант I

I. Определите, к какой части речи относятся эти слова и от каких слов они образованы.

Дайте перевод.

Dangerous, basic, lawless, independent, carefully, incorrect, unknown, listening, existence

II. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени. Предложения

переведите.

1. When I (to come), he (to live) in the old house where I first (to meet) him. He (to tell) me he (to

wait) for some time already.

2. Where is Mike? – He is not at home, he (to go) to the store. Wait for him, he (to come) in half an

hour.

3. The children (to play) here at 11 o’ clock, but now they (to go) home.

4. By the end of the year they (to finish) their work.

5. I (to look) for you since morning.

III. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Я уже целый час читал после обеда, когда пришёл отец.

2. Где ты был с прошлой пятницы?

3. Когда я проснулся, отец принимал душ, а мама готовила завтрак.

4. Завтра я буду ждать тебя с 1 часу до двух возле колледжа.

5. Это самая интересная книга, которую я когда-либо читал.

6. Что делал преподаватель, когда ты вошёл в класс?

IV. Передайте высказывания в косвенной речи и переведите на русский язык:

1. “Have you got a Russian-English dictionary?” he asked me.

2. “Please, don’t ask me any more questions”, she said to me.

3. “Why did our team lose the game?” he asked me.

4. “Don’t be afraid, Nick”, said his grandfather. “This dog is very clever and it won’t do you any

harm”.

5. “Have you ever been here?” he asked me.

V. Употребите следующие предложения, как придаточные дополнительные, в роли

главных используя предложения, данные в скобках. Соблюдайте правила согласования

времён. Предложения переведите.

1. You will fall and break your leg. (I was afraid).

2. He won the first prize. (We heard).

3. She knows English very well. (He thought).

4. The children are playing in the yard. (She thought).

5. My cousin has received a very interesting offer from his firm. (I learnt).

VI. Прочитайте текст:

PROPERTIES OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

Hydrogen peroxide is a remarkable compound. It was discovered by L.Y. Thenard in 1818.

It occurs in nature in rain, snow, dew, air. Pure hydrogen peroxide is a viscous liquid: it is

colourless, when viewed in thin layers but appears bluish in thick layers. The liquid has no odour.

Dilute aqueous solution has a peculiar metallic lustre. If concentrated sulfuric acid is mixed with

hydrogen

peroxide

at

low

temperature,

oxygen

rich

in

ozone

will

be

evolved.

The

liquid

decomposes rapidly when heated at ordinary atmospheric pressure, but under reduced pressure it

can readily distilled. It boils at 68-690 C under pressure of about 26 mm. The liquid crystallizes in

needle-like prisms at –20 C. It is soluble in water in all proportions. Pure hydrogen peroxide is

fairly stable. Dilute aqueous solutions are kept well. A 3% solution showed no appreciable change

when kept a year. Alkali solutions are not kept well. If alcohol or ether is added, the aqueous

solutions will become more stable. Pure H2O2 is decomposed very rapidly if any dust is present.

Like ozone hydrogen peroxide possesses strong oxidizing properties. It can act as an oxidizing as

well as reducing agent.

Dilute aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide are used for bleaching (silk, feathers, straw,

hair, ivory, teeth). It can be used in medicine as an antiseptic. Hydrogen peroxide is employed in

analytical work for the oxidation of sulfites to sulfates, ferrous to ferric salts, nitrites to nitrates, etc.

VII. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту:

1. When was hydrogen peroxide discovered ?

2. Where does it occur ?

3. What liquid is pure hydrogen peroxide?

4. What is its boiling-point ?

5. How stable is hydrogen peroxide ?

Вариант II

I. Определите, к какой части речи относятся эти слова и от каких слов они образованы.

Дайте перевод.

Offender, punishment, enforcement, accused, prosecution, defenseless, illegal, action

II. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в требующемся времени. Предложения

переведите.

1. Where is your luggage? – I (to leave) it at the station. I (to take) it tomorrow when Nick (to

come) to help me.

2. I (to read) about an hour when he (to come).

3. Don’t enter the bedroom! The child (to sleep) there, and he always (to wake up) when somebody

(to open) the door.

4. One night a little swallow (to fly) over the city. His friends (to fly) away to Egypt six weeks

before, but he (to stay) behind.

III. Переведите на английский язык:

1. Моя сестра была больна уже несколько дней, когда я узнала об этом.

2. Я не пойду на вечеринку, я весь вечер буду писать сочинение.

3. Когда он ушёл, я выключила радио.

4. Он думал, что будет хорошая погода, и они поедут на рыбалку.

5. Это самый интересный фильм, который я когда-либо видела.

6. Я ношу эту шляпку уже три года.

IV. Восстановите прямую речь в следующих предложениях и переведите их на русский

язык:

1. The teacher asked who was ill.

2. I asked John if he would be at home at three o’clock.

3. She asked me to buy some bread on my way home.

4. She said that he didn’t like coffee.

5. Nick asked Pete what he had seen at the museum.

6. The man asked if there was a good hotel nearby.

V. Поставьте сказуемое главного предложения в прошедшее время и сделайте

соответствующие изменения в придаточном предложении. (Помните о правиле

согласования времён). Предложения переведите.

1. He says he doesn’t know this woman.

2. They write they are coming tomorrow.

3. Do you say it is your bag?

4. I think our team will win the game.

5. She says that she has known him for two years.

VI. Прочитайте текст.

HYDROGEN

Hydrogen was obtained in sixteenth century by the action of sulfuric acid on iron. R. Boyle

at the end of the seventeenth century proved that unlike air the gas was inflammable. Lavoisier

suggested the name hydrogen (water producer) in 1783, because when the gas burnt in air water

was formed.

Hydrogen compounds are abundant and widely distributed. Water contains about 11% of

hydrogen.

Hydrogen

is

present

in

different

proportions

in

all

animal

and

vegetable

matter.

Spectroscopic work has shown that hydrogen is present in the atmosphere of the sun. In the

laboratory hydrogen is prepared from water, acids and alkalis. It can be prepared by electrolysis, by

the action of metals on water, on acids, on alkalis, by the action of water on the hydrides of the

alkali or alkali metals. Hydrogen is used commercially in the oxyhydrogen blowpipes, for filling

balloons, where helium is not available, and in the processes for manufacturing ammonia. It is also

used in the hardening of oils. In this case hydrogen is passed through oils which contain unsaturated

carbon compounds, containing nickel as a catalyst, and some hydrogen unites with unsaturated

compound to form a saturated compound of higher melting-point than the original oil, so that the

product is solid and not a liquid.

Words:

inflammable – легко воспламеняющийся

commercially – в промышленности

available – имеющийся в распоряжении

saturated – насыщенный

VII. Переведите.

1. If concentrated H2SO4 is mixed with H2O2 at low temperature, oxygen rich in ozone will be

evolved.

2. Dilute aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide are used for bleaching.

3. On account of its inertness it is difficult to make nitrogen combine with other elements.

Контрольная работа

Семестр 1

Вариант 1

1. Прочитайте текс, ответьте на вопросы и переведите предложения на русский язык.

The Problem of Environmental Protection in Great Britain

Environmental protection is an international issue of great importance and Great Britain pays

much attention to it. There are nearly 500 000 protected buildings and 7000 conservation areas of

architecture of historical interest in Britain. The Government supports the work of the voluntary

sector in preserving the national heritage.

Total emissions of smoke in the air have fallen by 85 per cent since 1960. Most petrol stations

in Britain stock unleaded petrol. The Government is committed to the control of gases emission,

which damage the ozone layer.

They also contribute to the greenhouse effect, which leads to global warming and a rise in sea

levels. Britain stresses the need for studying the science of climate change.

Green belts are areas where land should be left open and free from urban sprawl. The

Government attaches great importance to their protection. National parks cover 9 per cent of the

total land area of England and Wales. The National Rivers Authority protects island waters in

England and Wales.

In Scotland the River purification authorities are responsible for water pollution control. Great

Britain takes care of it's environment for themselves and next generations.

Vocabulary:

purification — очистка, voluntary — добровольный, petrol — бензин, emission — выброс,

layer — слой

1) Questions:

1. What is an international issue of great importance?

2. What are green belts?

3. Who is responsible for water pollution control in Scotland?

4. What is the total emission of smoke in the air?

5. Is it easy to buy unleaded petrol in Britain?

2) Sentences:

- The Government supports the work of the voluntary sector in preserving the national heritage.

- Britain stresses the need for studying the science of climate change.

- Great Britain takes care of it's environment for themselves and next generations.

2. Вставьте слова в предложения по смыслу.

Artemis at Ephesus, arches and columns, a gigantic dragon, the Statue of Zeus or Jupiter,

“wonder”

1. Just like ………., the Great Wall runs up and down deserts, mountains and grasslands for 6,700

kilometers from east to west of China.

2. A ………… is something beautiful and exceptional that gives us a feeling of admiration and

surprise.

3. One of the most famous and beautiful constructions is the Temple of goddess Diana or

……….., in modern Turkey.

4. The …………. was built in the 5th century BC in Olympia, in modern Greece.

5. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon was a square construction of receding terraces supported by

………….. ..

3. Преобразуйте прямую речь в косвенную.

1.

She says: “I study English.”

2.

They said: “We have decided.”

3.

He said: “I will read the novel.”

4.

"Where is your sister?" she asked me.

5.

"Don't make so much noise," he says.

Вариант 2

1. Прочитайте текс, ответьте на вопросы и переведите предложения на русский язык.

Culture

All manner of general and esoteric societies, institutions, museums and foundations can be

found in England. One of its more prestigious learned societies is the Royal Society (1660),

which

awards

fellowships,

medals

and

endowed

lectureships

based

on

scientific

and

technological achievements.

The British Museum contains a wealth of archaeological and ethnographic specimens. Its

extensive library — containing ancient and medieval manuscripts and papyruses — was

merged in 1973 with several other holdings to form the British Library, a centralised repository.

The Zoological Society of London maintains the London Zoo and also conducts research,

publishes journals, and supports a large zoological library. The Royal Botanic Gardens are

significant both as a research institute and as one of England's many places of great natural

beauty.

There are also notable university libraries at the University of Cambridge and at the

University of Oxford (the Bodlerian Library).

Art galleries abound in England. The best known are based in London and include the

National Gallery, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the National Portrait Gallery, the Tate

Gallery (with superb collections of John Constable and the Pre-Raphaelites, and the Wallace

Collection.

Vocabulary:

esoteric – специализированный, achievements – достижения, specimens – экспонаты,

repository – книгохранилище, abound – обладать

1) Questions:

1. What can be found in England?

2. What does The British Museum contains?

3. Who conducts research, publishes journals, and supports a large zoological library?

4. What are the best known galleries in England?

5. Are there also notable university libraries at the University of Cambridge and Oxford?

2) Sentences:

- One of its more prestigious learned societies is the Royal Society (1660), which awards

fellowships,

medals

and

endowed

lectureships

based

on

scientific

and

technological

achievements.

- Art galleries abound in England.

- The best known are based in London and include the National Gallery, the Victoria and

Albert Museum, the National Portrait Gallery, the Tate Gallery.

2. Вставьте слова в предложения по смыслу.

Apollo, in modern Turkey, The Pharos of Alexandria, in Mexico, The Seven Wonders of the

Ancient World,

1. Teotihuacan is an enormous archaeological site …………. .

2. ……………… included magnificent buildings and structures built in ancient times.

3. The Colossus at Rhodes was a huge bronze statue of …………… – the god of sun.

4. ……………. was a lighthouse built around the 3rd century BC on the island of Pharos.

5. The Mausoleum of Halicarnassus which was situated ……………. was another ancient wonder.

3. Преобразуйте прямую речь в косвенную.

1.

They said, “We were in Paris.”

2.

She says, “Don’t be afraid.”

3.

They asked him, “Do you work in the office?”

4.

He said, "I like this song."

5.

"The film has already begun," he said.

Контрольная работа

Семестр 2

Вариант I

I. Переведите следующие предложения. Подчеркните герундий.

1. There are two ways of getting sugar: one from beet and the other from sugarcane.

2. Have you finished writing?

3. I had the pleasure of dancing with her the whole evening.

4. She likes sitting in the sun.

5. Taking a cold shower in the morning is very useful.

6. Some people can work the whole day without feeling tired.

7. I had no hope of getting the answer before the end of the month.

8. I’m looking forward to going to New-York.

II. Переведите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив.

1.

I think I shall be able to solve this problem.

2.

We found that there was another complicated problem to consider.

3.

She had two younger brothers to take care of.

4.

She was too foolish to understand my explanations.

5.

She is pleasant to look at.

6.

He was the first to come.

7.

To play chess was his greatest pleasure.

8.

The child did not like to be washed.

9.

Which is more pleasant: to give or to be given presents?

III. Прочитайте текст:

CHEMISTRY

Chemistry is a science which deals with substances, their composition and structure, their

properties and mutual conversation. Man began to use chemical processes in ancient times for glass

making, dyeing, preparation of pigments, poisons and drugs. But theory lagged behind and was

neither connected with practice, nor supported by experiment.

The first theoretical chemistry was the chemistry of Greek chemists Aristotle, Hippocrates,

Democritus, Plato and others.

Modern chemistry began with the work of Robert Boyle. He studied the relationship

between the volume of a gas and the pressure. In 1748 M. Lomonosov discovered the law of

conservation of substance. In 1777 Lavoisier formulated the basis of the process of combustion. He

introduced the concept of the chemical elements.

At the beginning of the 19th century John Dalton carried out his work on the atomic theory.

A. Avogadro stated that equal volumes of gases under the same temperature and pressure contain

the same number of molecules. F. Kekule and A. Butlerov introduced the structural theory of

organic chemistry. In 1869 D.I. Mendeleyev discovered regularities in the properties of the

elements. The Periodic System of D.I. Mendeleyev was the greatest and the most important

achievement of the 19th century.

Many great scientists devoted their life to the development of chemistry. N. Bohr developed

the theory of the hydrogen atom, the Curies prepared artficially radio-active elements, Marie Curie

discovered radium and polonium, N. Semenov discovered chain reactions, N. Zelinsky made a basis

for synthesizing many new compounds and so on.

The future of chemistry is practically unlimited. Rapid development of chemistry will help

to create many new goods, machines, plastics, polymers, drugs, fertilizers, etc.

Modern chemistry is divided into several important branches:

1) inorganic chemistry which studies the properties of chemical elements and their mixtures;

2) organic chemistry which deals with the compounds of carbon;

3) physical chemistry which uses physics in studying chemical processes;

4) analytical chemistry which defines the qualitative and quantitative chemical composition of

substances;

5) colloidal chemistry which deals with special properties of substances in a finely dispersed

condition;

6) electrochemistry which studies the relation between electrical energy and chemical change;

7) nuclear chemistry which studies the transformation of atomic nuclei and reaction between them;

8) biochemistry which studies the process in living organisms.

IV. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What does chemistry deal with?

2. For what purpose did man use chemical processes in ancient times?

3. What Greek chemists are known to you?

4. What discoveries were made by the chemists of the 18th century?

5. What great scientists devoted their lives to the development of chemistry?

6. What branches of chemistry will you study at the University?

.

Вариант II

I. Переведите следующие предложения. Подчеркните герундий.

1.

Mary has just finished writing.

2.

He talked without stopping.

3.

She thought of going to the country for the weekend.

4.

She disliked living in her old house.

5.

My mother likes cooking and she is very good at it.

6.

Do you mind my asking you a difficult question?

7.

He postponed going to New-York as he felt ill.

8.

This city is really worth visiting.

II. Переведите предложения. Подчеркните инфинитив.

1.

The book lives much to be desired.

2.

She is pleasant to look at.

3.

To tell you the truth I don’t like boxing.

4.

I have nothing interesting to read.

5.

Which is more pleasant: to give or to receive presents?

6.

To play chess was his greatest pleasure.

7.

The children were delighted to be brought to the circus.

8.

I am glad to see you.

9.

Sorry not to have noticed you.

III. Переведите текст:

CHEMISTRY

Chemistry is a science which deals with substances, their composition and structure, their

properties and mutual conversation. Man began to use chemical processes in ancient times for glass

making, dyeing, preparation of pigments, poisons and drugs. But theory lagged behind and was

neither connected with practice, nor supported by experiment.

The first theoretical chemistry was the chemistry of Greek chemists Aristotle, Hippocrates,

Democritus, Plato and others.

Modern chemistry began with the work of Robert Boyle. He studied the relationship

between the volume of a gas and the pressure. In 1748 M. Lomonosov discovered the law of

conservation of substance. In 1777 Lavoisier formulated the basis of the process of combustion. He

introduced the concept of the chemical elements.

At the beginning of the 19th century John Dalton carried out his work on the atomic theory.

A. Avogadro stated that equal volumes of gases under the same temperature and pressure contain

the same number of molecules. F. Kekule and A. Butlerov introduced the structural theory of

organic chemistry. In 1869 D.I. Mendeleyev discovered regularities in the properties of the

elements. The Periodic System of D.I. Mendeleyev was the greatest and the most important

achievement of the 19th century.

Many great scientists devoted their life to the development of chemistry. N. Bohr developed

the theory of the hydrogen atom, the Curies prepared artficially radio-active elements, Marie Curie

discovered radium and polonium, N. Semenov discovered chain reactions, N. Zelinsky made a basis

for synthesizing many new compounds and so on.

The future of chemistry is practically unlimited. Rapid development of chemistry will help

to create many new goods, machines, plastics, polymers, drugs, fertilizers, etc.

Modern chemistry is divided into several important branches:

1) inorganic chemistry which studies the properties of chemical elements and their mixtures;

2) organic chemistry which deals with the compounds of carbon;

3) physical chemistry which uses physics in studying chemical processes;

4) analytical chemistry which defines the qualitative and quantitative chemical composition of

substances;

5) colloidal chemistry which deals with special properties of substances in a finely dispersed

condition;

6) electrochemistry which studies the relation between electrical energy and chemical change;

7) nuclear chemistry which studies the transformation of atomic nuclei and reaction between them;

8) biochemistry which studies the process in living organisms.

IV. Закончите следующие предложения:

1. Inorganic chemistry studies…

2. Organic chemistry deals with…

3. Analytical chemistry defines…

4. Physical chemistry uses…

5. Electrochemistry studies…

4 курс

Рубежный контроль – октябрь

ВАРИАНТ №I

I. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Помните, что сложные формы

инфинитива и инфинитивные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям

1. Since couples have many properties, they are known to be represented by vectors.

2. The amount of polonium to be obtained from a uranium mineral can be simply calculated.

3. The substance is said to have been decomposed under special conditions.

II. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на

перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов

1. Other factors being equal, the temperature of the reaction remains the same.

2. The speed of the reaction being extremely great we cannot measure it by ordinary means.

3. Being lower than hydrogen in the activity, mercury does not displace hydrogen from the

solutions of acids.

III. Прочтите и устно переведите текст

Пояснения к тексту

in contrast to − в отличие от, в противоположность

any given sample − любой имеющийся образец

one and a half times − в полтора раза

viz. – а именно

index of refraction – коэффициент преломления

negligible changes – незначительные изменения

dilute – растворять, разбавлять

i.e. – то есть

Superdense water

1. There is a tradition among physical chemists to regard the properties of liquids as

essentially invariant. When comparing them with gases we can see that they are only slightly

compressible.

2. In contrast to crystalline solids liquids do not exhibit variability. These and some other

characteristic properties of liquids were the reason that the commonest of them i.e. water was

adopted as the basis for the definition of several international standards of measurement.

3. The choice of a cubic centimeter of water as the international unit of mass has been motivated by

the fact that any given sample of water has a maximum density at a special temperature, near

which small changes in the temperature cause very small changes in the density,

and hence negligible changes in the mass of standard volume.

4. Having carried out a number of investigations the scientist made a very interesting discovery, i.

e. a new stable form of water having the density almost one and a half times that of ordinary

water was obtained. This water was named Water II. Having examined its properties they

found out that its index of refraction was equal to about 1.48 to 1.49.

5. But when Water II was dilute with ordinary water (Water I) this value dropped to the

value for pure water i.e. 1.33. Having continued their work, the scientists stated that the density of

Water II was equal to that of pure water. Then it was very important to learn the stability of the

molecules of Water II and the forces responsible for their stability.

6. It was assumed that under the impact of the electrons on the molecules of Water II, these

molecules are immediately broken down into ordinary molecules of H2O. That Water II in

solution has a definite molecular weight that is approximately 10 times larger than that of

ordinary water.

IV. Составьте аннотацию к тексту, используя данные слова и выражения

ВАРИАНТ № II

I. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Помните, что сложные формы

инфинитива и инфинитивного оборота соответствуют придаточным

предложениям.

1. The atomic structure of matter is known to have been discovered about 200 years ago.

2. Atomic particles have to be traveling at speeds of many thousands of miles per second if they are

to be used for bombarding other atoms.

3. The chemical calculations were to have been done in a precise way.

II. Перепишите и переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на

перевод зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов.

1. Copper being a good electrical conductor, they use it in their experiment.

2. Being raised to a temperature above its boiling point, mercury vapour readily conducts

electricity at the same time emitting radiation, it being rich in ultraviolet rays.

3. The wire being very thin, the amount of generated heat is greater than that in the thick

wire.

III. Прочтите и устно переведите текст

Пояснения к тексту

freezing point – точка замерзания

boiling point – точка кипения

greasy, fatty substances – вещества содержащие жиры

Properties of water

1. Water is hydrogen oxide, a compound of hydrogen and oxygen. It can be made if hydrogen or

hydrogen-containing substances are burnt in air or oxygen.

2. Most of the world's water is liquid, but an important fraction is solid as ice and snow.

3. Many mineral substances contain water of crystallization (e. g. copper sulphate) and in

the atmosphere there are millions of tons of water vapour. Clouds consist of minute droplets of

water or crystals of ice.

4. Water dissolves a very large number of substances and is the most important solvent. It does not

dissolve greasy, fatty substances or most plastics.

5. Having found the composition of water the scientists could investigate its properties. It was

stated that ordinary water is impure, it usually contains dissolved salts and dissolved gases, and

sometimes organic matter.

6. For chemical work water is to be purified by distillation. Pure water is colourless, tasteless and

odourless. Rain water formed by the condensation of water in the air is nearly pure water,

containing only small proportions of the dust and of dissolved gases.

7. Having examined the properties of water, the chemists found that physical properties of

water can be used to define many physical constants and units. The freezing point of water

(saturated with air at 1 atm. pressure) is taken as 0 AC and the boiling point of water at

1 atm. is taken as 100 AC.

8. The unit of volume in the metric system is chosen so that 1 ml of water at 3.98 AC (the

temperature of its maximum density) weighs 1.000 g/cm3.

9. So water is one of the most important of all chemical substances. It is a major constituent of

living matter and of the environment in which we live.

IV. Составьте аннотацию к тексту, используя данные слова и выражения

Контрольная работа

Семестр 1

Вариант 1

I.

Перепишите

предложения

и

переведите

их,

принимая

во внимание,

что

инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. The first step in the experimental determination of the atomic weight of an element by this

method is to find the weight of one mole

of several of its compounds.

2. All of carbon ions described are powerful nucleophiles, they being used for the reactions given

below.

3. We found water and water vapour to be in equilibrium at constant temperature and pressure

when the thermodynamic potential of unit mass of the water is equal to that of unit mass of

vapour.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные

значения выделенных слов.

1. For the composition of the solutions not definite, the concentration of the solute can be varied.

2. Either of these substances can be used in this analysis.

3. Both substances were used in the reaction after their purification.

III. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 2 и 4-й абзацы.

Chain reactions

1. Suppose we have a mixture of two gases, chlorine and hydrogen, in a glass flask. Under ordinary

conditions, they react very slowly. But try lighting a strip of magnesium near the flask. An

explosion occurs immediately (if anybody wants to carry on this experiment, be sure to shield the

flask with a hood made of thick wire).

2. Now why does the mixture of chlorine and hydrogen explode under the action of bright light?

The answer is that a chain reaction is involved. If we heated the flask to about 700 degrees, it

would also explode: the chlorine and the hydrogen would combine instantly. This would not

surprise us, because we know that heat increases the activation energy of the molecule

manifold. But in the experiment just mentioned the temperature did not change. This reaction

was caused by light.

3. Quanta, these tiniest portions of light, carry a large amount of energy. Much more than that

needed to activate molecules. Now when a chlorine molecule happens to get into the path of a light

quantum, the quantum tears it apart into atoms and passes its energy over to them.

The chlorine atoms are now in an excited, energy-rich state. These atoms, in their turn, bear

down upon the hydrogen molecules and tear them into atoms too. One of the latter combines with a

chlorine atom and the other remains free. But it is excited. It craves to give away partof its energy.

To whom? Why, to a chlorine molecule. And when it collides with one, that is the end of the

phlegmatic chlorine molecule.

4. And now again there is an active chlorine ion at large, but it does not take long for this atom to

find an outlet for its energy. Thus we get a long consecutive chain of reactions. As soon as the

reaction starts, more and more molecules are activated by the energy liberated as a result of the

reaction. The rate of the reaction increases like an avalanche of snow rolling down a mountain.

When the avalanche reaches the valley it dies down. The chain reaction dies out when all

the molecules have been caught up by it, when all the hydrogen and chlorine molecules have

reacted.

5. Chemists know multitudes of chain reactions. Our prominent scientist Nikolai Semyonov

has studied how these reactions occur in great detail. Chain reactions are known to physicists too.

The fission of uranium nuclei by neutrons is an example of a physical chain reaction.

IV. Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

When can we obtain a long consecutive chain of reaction?

Семестр 1

Вариант 2

I. Перепишите

предложения

и

переведите

их,

принимая

во внимание,

что

инфинитивные и причастные обороты соответствуют придаточным предложениям.

1. Having transferred an electron to the impurity atom the adjacent atom creates a new hole.

3. Some of the compounds involved have not been reported previously, additional data being

reported in the appendix referred to in this report.

4. The temperature having been raised, the vapour began forming again.

II. Перепишите предложения и переведите их, обращая внимание на различные

значения выделенных слов.

1. Air conditioning requires the regulations both the temperature and humidity.

2. As the evaporation continues, the temperature of the water gradually drops.

3. For century glass was used for jewelry, ornaments and mosaic.

4. Due to the difficulties inherent in the metallurgy of zink, brasses do

not seem to have been produced until the first or second century B. C.

IV. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите

2, 3 и 4-й абзацы. How many hydrogens are there on earth?

1. Hydrogen is a colourless, odourless gas when pure. It is sixteen times lighter than oxygen,

being the lightest of all known substances. The solubility of hydrogen in water is very slight,

compared with that of oxygen.

2. Hydrogen is liquefied by compression when cooled below its critical temperature (– 234

C). Liquid hydrogen is also colourless, and when allowed to evaporate rapidly, it freezes to a

colourless solid. Hydrogen burns in the air forming water. Although hydrogen is readily

combustible, yet it is not a supporter of combustion; that is, substances will not burn in it.

At ordinary temperatures hydrogen is not an active element. But under certain conditions it

combines with many elements. For example, if a mixture of hydrogen and chlorine is exposed to

the sunlight, the two gases will combine with explosion forming hydrogen chloride. Under

the

right

conditions

hydrogen combines with nitrogen forming ammonia, and with sulphur

forming hydrogen sulphide.

3. It was thought previously that there was only one hydrogen on the Earth, that with an

atomic weight of one. Murphy and his colleagues discovered a second hydrogen, twice as heavy.

This was the hydrogen isotope having the atomic weight two. Isotopes are varieties of atoms with

the same charge but different atomic weights. In other words, the nuclei of isotopic atoms contain

an equal number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes are known for all the

chemical elements: some of them exist in nature; others have been obtained artificially by

means of nuclear reactions.

4. The hydrogen isotope whose nucleus is a bare proton is called protium and its symbol is

H. This is the only atomic nucleus which contains no neutrons at all. (Another unique

property of hydrogen!) Add a neutron to this single proton and the result is the nucleus of the

heavy hydrogen isotope called deuterium (H

2

or D

2

). Protium is far more abundant in nature

than deuterium, constituting over 99 per cent of all the hydrogen.

5. But there is a third variety of hydrogen, with two neutrons in itsnucleus; this is tritium

(H

3

or T

3

). It forms only to disappear again rather quickly. It is radioactive and decays into

a helium isotope (helium-3). Tritium is a very rare element: its content in all the atmosphere

of the Earth is only 6 grams. There is only one atom of tritium in every 10 cubic centimetres

of air. Just recently still heavier isotopes of hydrogen H

4

and H

5

have been obtained artificially,

but they are unstable.

6. The fact of its having isotopes does not distinguish hydrogen among the chemical elements.

What does distinguish it is that hydrogen isotopes differ noticeably in properties, primarily

in physical properties. Isotopes of the other elements are almost indiscnminable.

V. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

Why do isotopes of hydrogen differ noticeably in properties?

Контрольная работа

Семестр 2

Вариант 1

I. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы.

Carbon

1. Carbon is to be ranked along with hydrogen and oxygen as one of the most important of all the

elements to man. Carbon occurs in nature as a free element and in many compounds. It

constitutes only about 0.03 percent of the Earth's crust, but this relatively small amount of

the element is of great importance.

2. Its importance is indicated by the 300,000 or more compounds of the element which exist

naturally or which have been prepared. It is proved that this number is approximately ten

times the number of compounds of all the other elements put together. For a long time it was

believed that these compounds might have never been produced except with the aid of organic life,

in other words, by living plants and animals. For this reason they were called organic compounds.

3. It is known that carbon occurs in two crystalline forms which differ strikingly by their properties.

Graphite is black, soft, a good conductor of electricity. Diamond, on the contrary, is colourless and

transparent, the hardest of known substances, a non-conductor of electricity.

It is the

crystal

structure, as determined by X-rays, which gives an explanation of this contrast of properties.

The four valence electrons of each carbon atom enable it, by sharing electrons with four of

its neighbours, to be linked with them in a covalent union.

4. It may be shown by X-rays examination that in the diamond the four nearest neighbours

of each carbon atom are symmetrically arranged about it in space. All atoms in a diamond

are thus firmly linked together, hence the whole crystal acts as a giant molecule. Thus we account

for the extreme hardness of the diamond, its high melting point, and its failure to dissolve in any

solvent.

5. On the other hand, it is found that graphite possesses parallel planes of atoms, and each is at a

considerable

distance

from

its

neighbours.

Each

carbon

atom

in

graphite

has

three

nearest

neighbours and they all are present in its own plane. Only three of the four valence electrons of

each atom are needed for furnishing bonds with these nearest neighbours and the fourth is

available for producing a bond with a neighbouring plane. A certain portion of the electrons in

graphite are relatively free to move as it is true of metals. Hence, graphite is aconductor of

electricity.

II. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

What portion of electrons in an atom of Carbon is needed for furnishing bonds?

Вариант 2

I. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 1, 2, 3 и 4-й абзацы.

Nitrogen

1. The study of atmosphere led to the discovery of air. Priestly and Cavendish were busy

with important experiments with Nitrogen. Priestly burned various inflammable compounds in a

given volume of air and calcinated metals; the fixed air formed during these processes was

removed with the aid of limewater. The main thing he noticed was that the volume of air

decreased considerably

2. In 1777 Cavendish succeeded in preparing a new variety of air named asphyxisting

(удушливый) or mephitic (зловонный) Cavendish reported this fact to Priestley. He again

returned to the definition phlagiston (флагистон), consequently the air got the name phlagistated

because it supported neither respiration nor combustion. Thus, Priestley was in possession

(владение) of a gas which subsequently became known as nitrogen. But neither Cavendish nor

Priestly could understand the real nature of the new gas. The understanding came later when oxygen

appeared on the scene of chemistry. The English physician D. Rutherford, who considered

being the discoverer of nitrogen, did, in principle, nothing new compared with his famous

colleagues. In September 1772, Rutherford published a magisterial thesis "On the So-Called Pixed

and Mephitie Air" in which he described the properties of nitrogen. 3. Not properly discovered or

understood as a gaseous chemical element, nitrogen in the seventies of the 18th century had three

names: "phlogisticated", "mephitic" or "corrupted".

4. The final name was proposed in 1787 by A. Lavoisier and other French scientists who

developed the principles of a new chemical nomenclature (formal system of naming). They

derived the word "azote" from the Greek negative prefix "a" and the word "zoe" meaning

"life". Lifeless, not supporting respiration and combustion, that was how chemists saw the main

property of nitrogen. Later this view turned out to be (was in the end) erroneous, nitrogen is

vitally important for plants. The name "azote", however, remained. The symbol of the element

N, originates from the Latin "nitrogenium".

II. Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на вопросы:

When and who did the name "azote" propose? What does it mean?

5 курс

Рубежный контроль - октябрь

Вариант I

I. Match the words.

1)

Solvent

2)

depositing

3)

alkali

4)

particle

5)

mercury

6)

dioxide

7)

dyestuff

8)

soluble

9)

charge

10) equation

a) частица

b) двуокись

c) заряд

d) растворитель

e) растворимый

f) осаждение

g) уравнение

h) краситель

i) ртуть

j) щелочь

II. Fill in the gaps with suitable words given below.

1)

Natural gas is an ... gas that occurs in the earth's crust.

2)

... is a process used to make raw rubber useful.

3)

Iron is always present as an ... in commercial aluminium and its alloys.

4)

Radioactivity

is

the

...

,

exhibited

by

certain

types

of

matter,

of

emitting

energy spontaneously.

5)

A measure of the strength of the electrolyte is its ability ... an electric current.

6)

When

chemical

substances

have

the

same

molecular

weight

but

different

properties, they are called ....

7)

Natural

rubber

is

an

elastic

substance

found

as

milky

dispersion

in

many

species of... .

8)

Cellulose is a naturally occurring ....

9)

... is the linking of small molecules (monomers) to make large molecules.

10)... is a chemical substance which contains plant food.

Polymerization, to conduct, vulcanization, isomers, inflammable, property, plants, impurity, a fertilizer,

carbohydrate.

I I I . Make

up

sentences

out

of

these

words

and

translate

the

sentences

into

Russian.

1)

Enough, analysis, when, is, is, the, sampling, complete, permit, subdivision, small, to.

2)

The, main, production, use, energy, fuel, of, of, is, in, atomic, uranium, a, as, the.

3)

Dealing, electrolytic, theory, solution, is, a, with, of, in, theory, compounds, dissociation,

behavior.

4)

Solution, method, metals, is, depositing, from, of, a, electrolysis.

5)

Composition, of, depend, only, quantitative, not, their, substances, properties, on, qualitative,

and.

IV. Make up 5 sentences of your own with the words from task I.

Вариант II

I. Match the words.

11) Solvent

12) depositing

13) alkali

14) particle

15) mercury

16) dioxide

17) dyestuff

18) soluble

19) charge

20) equation

a) частица

b) двуокись

c) заряд

d) растворитель

e) растворимый

f) осаждение

g) уравнение

h) краситель

i) ртуть

j) щелочь

II. Fill in the gaps with suitable words given below.

10) Natural gas is an ... gas that occurs in the earth's crust.

11) ... is a process used to make raw rubber useful.

12) Iron is always present as an ... in commercial aluminium and its alloys.

13) Radioactivity

is

the

...

,

exhibited

by

certain

types

of

matter,

of

emitting

energy spontaneously.

14) A measure of the strength of the electrolyte is its ability ... an electric current.

15) When

chemical

substances

have

the

same

molecular

weight

but

different

properties, they are called ....

16) Natural

rubber

is

an

elastic

substance

found

as

milky

dispersion

in

many

species of... .

17) Cellulose is a naturally occurring ....

18) ... is the linking of small molecules (monomers) to make large molecules.

10)... is a chemical substance which contains plant food.

Polymerization, to conduct, vulcanization, isomers, inflammable, property, plants, impurity, a fertilizer,

carbohydrate.

I I I . Make

up

sentences

out

of

these

words

and

translate

the

sentences

into

Russian.

6)

Enough, analysis, when, is, is, the, sampling, complete, permit, subdivision, small, to.

7)

The, main, production, use, energy, fuel, of, of, is, in, atomic, uranium, a, as, the.

8)

Dealing, electrolytic, theory, solution, is, a, with, of, in, theory, compounds, dissociation,

behavior.

9)

Solution, method, metals, is, depositing, from, of, a, electrolysis.

10) Composition, of, depend, only, quantitative, not, their, substances, properties, on, qualitative,

and.

IV. Make up 5 sentences of your own with the words from task I.

Рубежный контроль – март

Вариант 1

I. Прочитайте и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы.

Organic chemistry

1. A Non-chemist can't help being surprised to learn that many chemical compounds are

obtained from living things. For example, sugars, ethanol, methane, urea, etc. All these

compounds have the

elements carbon and hydrogen. Thus, it can be said that nearly all

compounds obtained from living things are carbon compounds.

2. In the early days of chemistry no one ever thought of obtaining compounds from living

things in the laboratory. The idea was that there were special processes going on inside the

organism (living thing). The special processes were believed to be essential for the formation

of the compounds. So, chemists considered the compounds from organisms to be somehow special

and different from "ordinary" chemicals that could be made in the laboratory. They called chemicals

from living things organic chemicals and the others inorganic chemicals.

3. However, in 1828 a chemist called WAhler showed organic chemicals to be just ordinary

chemical substances. He did this by converting an inorganic chemical into an organic one

simply by heating it in the laboratory. Gradually, more and more organic chemicals were

shown to be just like ordinary chemicals. But we still use the terms "organic" and "inorganic" to

divide chemicals into two classes. Nowadays, how ever, we use the term "organic compounds" to

mean carbon com pounds, there being some exceptions to the rule. Most of the organic chemicals

we have nowadays are man-made and are obtained directly from organisms. However, the main raw

material for manufacturing organic chemicals is

petroleum, it having been formed in the past

from marine organisms. Why do we have to separate a branch of chemistry just for carbon

compounds? Couldn't its compounds be included with those of other elements?

4. There's a simple reason for keeping carbon compounds separate: there are just too many of

them. There are more compounds of carbonthan compounds of all the other elements put together.

Organic chemistry is therefore to be a very large branch of chemistry. It includes millions of

compounds. Most of these are compounds of carbon involving just a few other nonmetallic

elements, for example, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and the halogens.

5. Why does carbon have so many more compounds than other elements? What is special

about it? The answer to these questions is: car bon atoms have the special property of being able to

join together to form chains of atoms. The chains may be short, or they may be hundreds or

even thousands of atoms long.Since the carbon chain can be practically any length, the

number of possible hydrocarbons is enormous.

II. Прочитайте 5-й абзац текста и ответьте письменно на следующий вопрос:

Why can the carbon chain be practically of any length?

Вариант 2

I. Прочтите и переведите текст. Перепишите и переведите 1, 2 и 4-й абзацы.

Ever since the 18th century

1. From among the latest fundamental works of chemical scientists (mid-1980s) one should

mention high temperature superconductivity.

Significant progress has also been made in the development of applied chemistry. Specialists in

this field developed a method of in-depth processing of oil, with the pioneering role in these

studies belonging to a Russian researcher, Academician Vladimir Ipatyev (1867-1952). He was the

first to suggest the idea of conducting industrial processing of oil at great depths with the help

of catalytic technologies. In the 1940s Academician Ipatyev pioneered a method of

production of high-octane benzines.

2. The 20th century saw the birth and development of new areas of chemical research – the

chemistry of transuranium elements and radiochemistry. Physicists and chemical scientists

mastered the technologies of isotope separation of most different chemical elements which made

it possible to obtain plutonium, separate uranium-235 and, in the final analysis, build a

stable raw material base for controlled nuclear reactions which ushered in the epoch of

nuclear power engineering.

3. The list of achievements scored by chemical scientists in the 20th century obviously includes

polymer structural materials. This covers 23practically all of the plastics in current use, like

polyethylene, polypropylene, polyurethane, nylon, polyesters, and the like. Chemical scientists

deserve much credit for the development of new and highly effective medicinal preparations, for

pioneering the hitherto unknown methods of protecting the environment from the steadily

mounting technogenic pressures and for the production of super-pure substances (germanium,

silicon, gallium) which are the basis of micro- and nanoelectronics. As for the prospects of

development of the chemical science in the new century, Academician Parmon sums up his

views in the following way:

4. The central problem of modem-day chemistry consists in the unbelievably large store of

concrete knowledge which keeps growing at a faster pace than in other areas of research and is

running ahead of the experts' potential for the assimilation of this knowledge. This being so,

an urgent task for the near future is to try and systematize the basic elements of the acquired data.

And there is also the growing role of computer chemistry which prognosticates the likely results of

a newly developed process. Today scientists have at their disposal enough information in

order to "replace" the laborious test-tube experiments with computer simulation.

II. Прочитайте 4-й абзац текста и письменно ответьте на следующий вопрос:

What super-pure substances are the basis for electronics and nanotechnologies?

Контрольная работа

Семестр 1

Вариант 1

I. Read text

Hypotheses, Theories and Laws

When we find that an idea explains or correlates a number of facts, we call this idea a

hypothesis. We can subject it to further tests and to experimental checking of deductions. If the

hypothesis continues to agree with the results of experiment, we call it a theory or a law.

A theory, such as the atomic theory, usually involves some idea about the nature of some part of

the Universe; a law represents a summarizing statement about observed experimental facts. For

example, there is a law of the constancy of the angles between the faces of crystals. The law states

that whenever we measure the angles between corresponding faces of various crystals of a pure

substance, they will have the same value. It does not explain the fact. We find an explanation of the

fact in the atomic theory of crystals, the theory that in crystals the atoms are in a regular order.

Chemists and other scientists use the word “theory” in two different senses. The first meaning of

the word is the meaning described above — namely, a hypothesis that has been verified. The second

use of the word “theory” is to represent a systematic body of knowledge, compounded of facts,

laws, theories, deductive arguments and so on.

Thus, by the atomic theory we mean not only the idea that substances consist of atoms, but also

all the facts about substances that can be explained and interpreted in terms of atoms and the

arguments that explain the properties of substances in terms of their atomic structure.

II. Give the English equivalents for the following:

объяснить

факт,

ряд

экспериментов,

подвергнуть

гипотезу

проверке,

экспериментальное

подтверждение, согласовываться с результатами, называть законом, атомная теория, такой

как, обычно, включать в себя, вселенная, утверждение, например, угол между гранями

кристалла, измерять, различные вещества, то же самое значение, описанный выше, и так

далее, таким образом, не только... но и, с точки зрения.

III. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. A theory usually involves some idea about the nature of some part of the Universe. 2. The

periodic law represents a summarizing statement about the properties of elements. 3. The scientists

verified the hypothesis and it became a theory. 4. A law will not explain the fact, it only states the

fact. 5. Early scientists would use the word “theory” in two different senses, now we do the same. 6.

A hypothesis usually explains or correlates a number of facts. 7. Now we are speaking about

hypotheses, theories and laws. 8. The atomic theory explains and interprets the facts in terms of

atoms. 9. A good theory will live a long life. 10. Will you tell us what you know about a hypothesis?

IV. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a hypothesis? 2. Do you know what a law is? 3. Do you know any laws? 4. What is a

theory? 5. What theories do chemists use in their work? 6. What do we mean by the atomic theory?

7. When did you hear about the atomic theory for the first time?

Вариант 2

I. Read text.

The History of the Periodic Table

The final and most important step in the development of the periodic table was taken in 1869,

when the Russian chemist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev (1834—1907) made a thorough study of

the relation between the atomic weights of the elements and their physical and chemical properties,

with special attention to valence. Mendeleyev proposed a periodic table containing seventeen

columns, resembling in a general way the present periodic table without the noble gases. In 1871

Mendeleyev

revised

this

table

and

placed

a

number

of

elements

in

different

positions,

corresponding to revised values of their atomic weights.

The “zero” group was added to the periodic table after the discovery of helium, neon, argon,

krypton and xenon by Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay in 1894 and the following years.

The periodic law was accepted immediately after its proposal by Mendeleyev because of its

success in making predictions with its use which were afterward verified by experiment. In 1871

Mendeleyev found that by changing seventeen elements from the positions indicated by the atomic

weights which had been accepted for them into new positions, their properties could be better

correlated with the properties of the other elements.

Most of the elements occur in the periodic table in the order of increasing atomic weights. There

still remain, however, four pairs of elements in the inverted order of atomic weight; argon and

potassium (the atomic numbers of argon and potassium are 18 and 19, respectively, whereas their

atomic weights are 39.948 and 39.098), cobalt and nickel, tellurium and iodine, and protactinium

and thorium. The nature of the isotopes of these elements is such that the atomic weight of the

naturally occurring mixture of isotopes is greater for the element of the lower atomic number in

each of these pairs than for the element of higher atomic number; thus, argon consists almost

entirely (99.6%) of the isotope with mass number 40 (18 protons, 22 neutrons), whereas potassium

consists largely (93.4%) of the isotope with mass number 39 (19 protons, 20 neutrons). This

inversion of the order in the periodic system, as indicated by the chemical properties of the

elements, from that of atomic weight caused much concern before the atomic numbers of the

elements were discovered, but has now been recognized as having little significance.

A very striking application of the periodic law was made by Mendeleyev. He predicted the

existence of six elements which had not yet been discovered, corresponding to vacant places in his

table. Three of these elements were soon discovered (they were named scandium, gallium, and

germanium by their discoverers), and it was found that their properties and the properties of their

compounds are very close to those predicted by Mendeleyev.

After helium and argon had been discovered, the existence of neon, krypton, xenon, and radon

was clearly indicated by the periodic law, and the search for those elements in air led to the

discovery of the first three of them; radon was then discovered during the investigation of the

properties of radium and other radioactive substances.

II. Give the English equivalents for the following:

наиболее важный шаг, периодическая таблица, отношение, атомный вес, между, особое

внимание, содержать, инертный газ, пересмотреть таблицу, ряд элементов, нулевая группа,

добавить к чему-л., успех, большинство элементов, в обратном порядке, атомный номер,

смесь

изотопов,

состоять

из,

протон,

нейтрон,

главным

образом,

большое

значение,

применение, свободные места в таблице, таким образом, вскоре, химическое соединение, в

воздухе, привести к

III. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Special attention was drawn to valence. 2. The most important step was taken when Mendeleyev

studied the relation between the atomic weights and the properties of the elements. 3. This final step

was taken by the great Russian chemist in 1869. 4. A periodic table containing seventeen columns

was proposed by him. 5. In 1871 the table was revised corresponding to revised values of the

atomic weights of some elements. 6. The periodic law was accepted and widely used by chemists. 7.

It was found that the atomic weights which had been accepted for some elements were not accurate.

8. After the paper on the periodic table was presented, it was soon published in Russian and in

German. 9. Properties of chemical elements and compounds are thoroughly studied in laboratories.

10. Some elements were given new places in the table after the revision of their atomic weights.

IV. Answer the following questions:

1. When did Mendeleyev present his periodic system? 2. Were there noble gases in his periodic

table? 3. Why did Mendeleyev revise his table? 4. What elements are there in Group “0”? 5. How

are elements arranged in the system? 6. Why are there elements in the inverted order of atomic

weights? 7. What discoveries verified Mendeleyev’s predictions?

Контрольная работа

Семестр 2

Вариант 1

I. Read text.

Modern Uses of Oxygen

Although oxygen has been used in industry for more than 100 years, there has been interest in

this colorless, odorless, tasteless gas for several hundred years. Its presence as an active element in

the air was suspected as long ago as 1500 A.D., but only in 1777 Antoine Lavoisier, a French

chemist, named oxygen and described its properties.

The actual development of the industrial application of oxygen for the next hundred years was

extremely slow. Then, at the turn of the twentieth century, two factors greatly speeded progress. One

was a method for economically producing oxygen of high purity from the air, and the other was a

method for producing calcium carbide on a commercial scale.

Probably 95 per cent of the huge volume of oxygen used today is obtained from the air by a

process which was developed by Dr. Carl von Linde in Germany in 1895 and 1902. This method is

based upon the liquefaction of air and its fractional distillation. Technically, the process is

complicated, as it requires one of the lowest temperatures used industrially — more than 300°F

below zero (-194.4°C). The liquid air is a very cold mixture of liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen.

Oxygen is then separated by rectification. Most oxygen produced for industrial purposes is purer

than 99 per cent.

Calcium carbide treated with water produces acetylene, a gas which burns in air with a brilliant

white light. When the two gases, oxygen and acetylene are mixed in proper proportions and burned,

their combustion produces the hottest flame known — more than 5400°F (≈ 3000°C). This flame

for the past 100 years has formed the basis for the oxy-acetylene process for welding and cutting

metals.

Today there is practically no industry which does not use the process. Broadly speaking,

applications are divided into two fields — repair and production. The repair field is perhaps the

better known, for practically every garage uses the oxy-acetylene process for repairing automobile

parts. In industry, there is not a factory which does not use the process in many different ways for

repairing the equipment.

Another process where acetylene is used, is called “hard-facing”

2

. Extremely hard alloys are

applied to the surfaces of metal parts, increasing the life of the parts many times.

Certain industries have developed mostly due to welding. This is true in the manufacture of

airplanes, automobiles, refrigerators, railway roads.

2

But the greatest amount of oxygen is used in cutting iron and steel — one of the most spectacular

applications

of

oxygen

in

industry.

This

simply

process

has

literally

revolutionized

the

metalworking industries. It was found that any cuts were made quite easily.

One of the most recent applications of the oxy-acetylene process is for removing surface defects

from steel. In this way, larger amounts of cleaner and better steel are made possible at lower cost.

Although by far the greatest volume of oxygen — amounting to several billion cubic feet a year

— is used for industrial purposes, an ever increasing amount of oxygen is being used in medicine,

the treatment of diseases, such as pneumonia or heart diseases. It has saved many lives. Besides,

while breathing oxygen, aircraft pilots operate at altitudes otherwise impractical without it.

It may be said that oxygen is men’s best friend — both in industry and for human health.

II. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:

long ago, more than, less than, industrial application, extremely slow, at the turn of the twentieth

century, speed progress, high purity, on a commercial scale, huge volume, obtain by a process,

develop a process, liquid air, separate, for industrial purposes, treat with smth., mix in proper

proportions, form the basis for smth., automobile parts, the metalworking industries, remove a

defect, treat a disease, breathe oxygen

III. Give the English equivalents for the following:

активный

элемент,

только,

в

промышленных

масштабах,

вероятно,

карбид

кальция,

получить из воздуха, разработать метод, фракционная перегонка, самая низкая температура,

ниже

нуля,

выше

нуля,

жидкий

воздух,

для

промышленных

целей,

гореть

на

воздухе,

разделить

на,

металлические

детали,

наибольшее

количество,

простой

процесс,

таким

образом, возможный, хотя, кроме того, лучший друг человека

IV. Translate the sentences into English.

1. Кислород уже давно применяется в промышленности. 2. Кислород обычно получают из

воздуха путем его сжижения и фракционной перегонки. 3. В техническом отношении этот

процесс сложен. 4. Жидкий воздух — это очень холодная смесь жидкого кислорода и

жидкого азота. 5. Когда карбид кальция обрабатывают водой, получается ацетилен.

V. Answer the following questions:

1. Who gave the name to oxygen? When? 2. What can you say about the industrial application

of oxygen in the nineteenth century? 3. What industrial application of oxygen is known best of all?

4. In what fields of industry is the oxy-acetylene process used? 5. Why oxygen is called men’s best

friend?

Вариант 2

I. Read text.

Oxygen: History and Occurrence

Credit for the discovery of oxygen is shared by two men, Joseph Priestley, an English clergyman

and amateur scientist, who later moved to the United States to escape religious persecution, and

Carl Wilhelm Scheele, a Swedish pharmacist. Working independently, these two men both obtained

the gas which we know as oxygen by heating various compounds of the element, particularly

mercuric oxide. They also found evidence that this gas is a component of the atmosphere.

Priestley’s work was published in 1774, but although Scheele’s experiments had probably been

performed even earlier, their publication was delayed and no account of them appeared until 1777.

Though Priestley recognized that the gas which he had discovered plays an important role in

combustion, he remained, along with Scheele, an ardent adherent of the phlogiston theory of

combustion; in fact, he called the gas “dephlogisticated air”.

On the basis of the experimental results of Priestley, Scheele, and others, as well as some very

fine experimental work of his own, in 1777 the brilliant French chemist Lavoisier established the

modern concept that the combustion of a substance consists in its combination with the new gas

which Priestley and Scheele had described, and which Lavoisier found an important constituent of

the atmosphere. Since the combustion of many substances (now known as non-metals) such as

phosphorus and sulphur yields products which react with water and give acidic solutions, Lavoisier

named this gas oxygen, derived from Greek words meaning “acid former”.

Oxygen occurs in the free state as the second most abundant component of the atmosphere; about

one-fifth of the air by volume is oxygen. In the combined state it makes up 88.81% by weight of

pure water, and, on the average, 85.79% of sea water. It occurs in the earth’s crust, in the form of a

multitude of compounds, to the estimated extent of 46.43%.

II. Give the Russian equivalents for the following:

move to, escape smth., obtain, by heating, particularly, find evidence, be a component of smth.,

although, perform an experiment, even earlier, appear, until, though, along with, in fact, on the basis

of, as well as, very fine experimental work, modern concept, work of one’s own, consist in smth.,

since, such as, yield products, an acidic solution, the second most abundant component, about one-

fifth by volume, in the combined state, on the average

III. Give the English equivalents for the following:

различные

соединения,

путем

нагревания,

особенно,

найти

доказательство,

составная

часть атмосферы, хотя, опубликовать работу, признавать, играть важную роль, наряду с, на

основании,

так

же

как,

тонкая

работа,

современное

понятие,

заключаться

в,

так

как,

неметалл, давать продукты, реагировать с, в свободном состоянии, встречаться в атмосфере,

около 90% по весу, чистая вода, в среднем, морская вода

IV. Translate into Russian.

1. Oxygen was obtained by Scheele and Priestley independently. 2. Oxygen was obtained by

heating mercuric oxide. 3. Evidence was found that this gas is a component of the atmosphere. 4.

The theory of phlogiston is not much spoken about at present. 5. An important role of oxygen in

combustion was discovered by Priestley.

V. Answer the following questions:

1. What famous scientists worked on the discovery of oxygen? 2. Who was the first to obtain this

gas? 3. What was the method of obtaining oxygen? 4. What theory of combustion existed in

Priestley’s time? 5. What did the French chemist Lavoisier establish? 6. What does the modern

concept of combustion state? 7. What does the word “oxygen” mean? 8. Where does oxygen occur

and in what state?

Министерство образования и молодежной политики Ставропольского края

государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

«Невинномысский химический колледж»

Комплект вопросов

для дифференцированного зачета

по дисциплине Иностранный язык

Критерии оценки:

- оценка «отлично» выставляется студенту, если студент последовательно, связно излагает

материал, показывает знание и глубокое понимание учебного материала; делает необходимые

выводы;

в

пределах

программы

отвечает

на

поставленные

вопросы;

отличная

отметка

предполагает грамотное, логичное изложение ответа (как в устной, так и в письменной

форме);

-

оценка

«хорошо»

выставляется

студенту,

если

студент

усвоил

основной

материал

программы; ответ, в основном, удовлетворяет установленным требованиям, но при этом

делает несущественные пропуски при изложении фактического материала, содержание и

форма ответа имеют некоторые неточности;

-

оценка

«удовлетворительно»

выставляется

студенту,

если

студент

знает

и

понимает

основной

материал

программы;

материал

излагается

упрощенно,

непоследовательно,

с

ошибками и затруднениями;

- оценка «неудовлетворительно» выставляется студенту, если студент имеет разрозненные,

бессистемные

знания,

допускает

ошибки

в

определении

понятий,

искажает

их

смысл,

излагает материал бессистемно, за полное незнание и непонимание учебного материала или

отказ отвечать.

2 курс

Тема: Россия

1. Russia is the largest country in the world, isn't it?

2. Where does the vast territory of Russia lie?

3. What countries does Russia border on?

4. What types of climate are there on the territory of the country?

5. What do you know about Moscow?

6. What branches does the Government consist of?

7. How is law made?

8. What are the national symbols of Russia?

9. Who is in charge of education?

10. What is the main tourist attraction in Russia?

Тема: Великобритания

1. What parts does the island of Great Britain consist of?

2. What type of state is the UK?

3. The UK is a highly developed industrial country. What does it produce?

4. The weather in England is very changeable, isn’t it?

5. Can you name the parts of London?

6. Who founded the Tower of London? When was it rebuilt?

7. What would you like to see in London?

8. Which are the most famous private schools?

9. Are the English fond of tea?

10. What is the Queen’s name?

Тема: США

1. Why is New York called “Modern Babylon”?

2. What is the largest state in the USA?

3. The national symbols include …

4. What is Broadway famous for?

5. What are the main political parties?

6. When was Washington founded?

7. How many books are there in the library of Congress?

8. Who was the third President of the USA?

9 What was the price of the Manhattan Island in 1626?

10. What is the most popular sport in the USA?

Тема: Образование.

1. What groups can schools in the USA be divided into?

2. What subjects are taught at elementary school?

3. What kind of education do high schools offer?

4. What are the ways to continue in higher education in the USA?

5. What degrees are offered at universities in Great Britain?

6. Which are the most famous private schools in Great Britain?

7. When do pupils take GCSE?

8. Is sport important in school system?

9. Who is responsible for education in the USA?

10. What can you tell about learning at our college?

Тема: Канада

1. Who were the first people to live in Canada?

2 Where is the country situated?

3. What countries took part in exploration of Canada?

4. When did Canada gain it's independence?

5. Is Canada a developed country now?

6. What problems does Canada face today?

7. How many people live in Canada?

8. Where do most Canadians live?

9. Who is the head of state in Canada?

10. What are the official languages in Canada?

3 курс

Тема: Культура

1. What famous British orchestras and choirs do you know?

2. What kind of books do you prefer to read?

3. How often do you go to the cinema?

4. What is Hollywood famous for?

5. Do you have an opportunity to visit theatre in our town?

6. What theatre would you like to visit?

7. What can you tell about the role of music in life of people?

8. What picture galleries are there in Russia?

9. What is Levitan famous for as a painter?

10. What is your favorite instrument? Can you play it?

Тема: Проблемы экологии.

1. 1.Do you think cars have improved life or not? Have they made people`s life at least easier?

2. Which do you think is the best way to travel- by car, by train, by plane, on foot? Explain your

choice.

3. If you have enough money, will you buy a car? Do you think it is important?

4. Do you think the hole in the ozone layer will get bigger?

5. The world climate is changing, isn`t it? What changes can you name?

6. Do you think the earth will become warmer? Why?

7. What serious ecological problems are discussed nowadays?

8. What do you feel about the problem of the rare plants and animals?

9. Is anything done in the world to save our planet from an ecological disaster?

10. How can you personally take part in this work?

11. Do you discuss this problem at school?

Тема: Переписка, заполнение анкет.

1. Answer the personal letter in written form.

2. Fill in a form.

3. My profession

4 курс

Подготовиться к собеседованию по следующим темам:

1.

The history of Chemistry.

2.

Famous chemists.

3.

The periodical table.

5 курс

Подготовиться к собеседованию по следующим темам:

1. Types of chemist analyses.

2. Elements of the periodical table.

3. Problems of modern Chemistry.